Tag: FBbt

2-2I of thorax [FBbt_00001470]

Primary interneuron that develops from NB2-1 of the thorax. These neurons form a fascicle of about 10 axons that projects contralaterally through the anterior commissure. Unlike the 2-2I of abdomen, the 2-2I fascicle of thorax does not turn anteriorly after reaching the contralateral connective. See Bossing et al., (1996) for a diagram.

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3-1I of thorax [FBbt_00001480]

Primary interneuron that develops from neuroblast NB3-1 of the thorax. The projections of these interneurons form a fascicle that projects through the anterior commissure. Unlike the fascicle formed by abdominal 3-1I, it does not show any appreciable bifurcation in the contralateral connective. See Bossing et al., (1996) for a diagram.

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3-2Mar [FBbt_00001549]

Any larval motor neuron that develops from NB3-2 and fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve, exiting the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root. According to Schmid et al. (1999) there are 4 motorneurons which project to muscles: DA2, DO2, DO3, DO4 and DO5. According to Landgraf et al. (1997), the 4 motorneurons innervate: DO3-5 and DT1.

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7-1M [FBbt_00001558]

Any embryonic/larval motor neuron (FBbt:00007675) that develops from some neuroblast NB7-1 (FBbt:00001380). According to Landgraf et al. (1997) and Schmid et al. (1999), several motorneurons are produced from NB7-1: MN-DA2/DA3, MN-DO1/DO2, MN-LL1, MN-VO4-6 and MN-VO4/5. This term was obsoleted because neurons classes were made for each of these motorneurons.

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A-subperineurial glial cell [FBbt_00001259]

A large subperineural glial cell of the embryo or larva that lies anterior to the anterior segment border and anterior commissure and medial to the longitudinal connective in each abdominal and thoracic neuromere, (Klambt and Goodman, 1991; Ito et al., 1995). It sends a process to the dorsoventral channel (Ito et al., 1995). These cells have different neuroblasts of origin in different neuromeres (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).

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A1-7 DA1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110220]

Motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute muscle 1 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DA1 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). By embryonic stage 16, it has a short contralaterally projecting neurite extending into the posterior commissure. It receives input from the contra- and ipsilateral larval A27h neuron. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. These neurons were identified in a EM reconstruction of a volume that includes the posterior half of abdominal segment 2 and abdominal segment 3, of a 12-24h old first instar larva. The number of connections was estimated from the publication figures. The number of input synapses was the following (number in brackets ipsilateral/contralateral): from A27h (10/10) (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016).

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A1-7 DA2 motor neuron [FBbt_00002311]

Motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute muscle 2 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 (Landgraf et al., 1997). Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral and intermediate domains of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DA2 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). The muscle it innervates is one segment posterior to its soma (Zarin and Labrador, 2019). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. This motor neuron is an exception to the class of motorneurons that innervate the internal dorsal muscles whose dendrites occupy the lateral neuropil; it has dendrites in the intermediate and lateral regions (Mauss et al., 2009). Based on cell body position, the DA2 motor neuron appears to correspond to the U2 neuron (personal communication by Matthias Landgraf - FBrf0221138), however, Zarin et al. (2019) report that the DA2 motor neuron corresponds to U3.

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A1-7 DA3 motor neuron [FBbt_00110233]

Motor neuron developing from the fourth ganglion mother cell that differentiates from neuroblast NB7-1. It innervates the internal dorsal acute muscle 3 (DA3) of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DA3 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its soma is in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Kohsaka et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. The DA3 motor neuron is likely to correspond to the U4 neuron. This is suggested by the cell body position and by extrapolating the observation that these neurons that extend their axons the furthest differentiate the earliest (personal communication by Matthias Landgraf - FBrf0221138).

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A1-7 DO1 motor neuron [FBbt_00002303]

U1 neuron of A1-7. It innervates dorsal oblique muscle 1 (DO1). Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domains of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DO1 muscle of the next posterior segment with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001; Zarin and Labrador, 2019). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. Based on cell body position, the DO1 motor neuron corresponds to the U1 neuron (personal communication by Matthias Landgraf - FBrf0221138).

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A1-7 DO2 motor neuron [FBbt_00110230]

Motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal oblique muscle 2 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DO2 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. Based on cell body position, the DO2 motor neuron appears to correspond to the U3 neuron (personal communication by Matthias Landgraf - FBrf0221138), however, Zarin et al. (2019) report that the DO2 motor neuron corresponds to U2.

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A1-7 DO3 motor neuron [FBbt_00110237]

Motor neuron that develops from the neuroblast NB3-2 lineage (Landgraf et al., 1997). It innervates the internal dorsal oblique muscle 3 (DO3) of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DO3 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). These neurons (at least in A1 to A4) die during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). Its soma is in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Kohsaka et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 DO4 motor neuron [FBbt_00110240]

Motor neuron that develops from the neuroblast NB3-2 lineage (Landgraf et al., 1997). It innervates the internal dorsal oblique muscle 4 (DO4) of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DO4 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). These neurons (at least in A1 to A4) die during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). Its soma is located in the segment anterior to the muscle innervated (Kohsaka et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 DO5 motor neuron [FBbt_00110241]

Motor neuron that develops from the neuroblast NB3-2 lineage (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999). It innervates the internal dorsal oblique muscle 5 (DO5) of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the DO5 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). These neurons (at least in A1 to A4) die during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). Its soma is found in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Kohsaka et al., 2012). Muscle DO5 is only present in A1-7. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al ., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 dorsal motor neuron [FBbt_00002207]

Motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute, dorsal oblique and LL1 muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 (Landgraf et al., 2003). It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve. It is one of the common exciters of the A1-7 muscles, innervating the dorsal and LL1 muscles via type Is boutons (Mauss et al., 2009). It receives input from the ipsilateral larval A02b, A27j, eIN-4 (A03a1) and A27e and contralateral larval A08e1-3 local neurons and A31k neuron. Unlike other ISN neurons, its soma is located in the same segment as the muscles it innervates (Zarin and Labrador, 2019). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. These neurons were identified in one EM reconstruction of abdominal segment 3 of a 12-24h old first instar larva (Heckscher et al., 2015; Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016). For Heckscher et al. (2015) only bilateral connections are reported. The number of identified input synapses was the following (number in brackets left/right): from A08e1 (1-4/1-7), A08e2 (1-4/1-7), A08e3 (1-4/1-7) (Heckscher et al., 2015). For Schneider-Mizell et al. (2016), the number of connections was estimated from the publication figures. The number of input synapses was the following (number in brackets left/right where available): from A02b (12/12), A27j (12/25), A03a1 (20/23), A27e (21), A31k (35/35) (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016).

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A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 5 [FBbt_00000613]

The ventral-most of the dorsal oblique muscles of A1-7. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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A1-7 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002239]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the lateral and ventral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 DT1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110278]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB3-2 lineage that innervates the dorsal transverse muscle 1 (DT1) of abdominal segments 1 to 7 (Landgraf et al., 1997). It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior intersegmental nerve root, fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve, and innervates the DT1 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Although it innervates an external muscle, its soma is clustered with those of the internal muscle-innervating neurons in the segment anterior to the muscle innervated (Landgraf et al., 2003). Its dendritic arborizations are found with those of other external muscle-innervating neurons, connected via a long posterior projection (Landgraf et al., 2003). Following Landgraf et al., 1997, larval motor neurons are named according to the muscle they innervate. The same caveats therefore apply regarding inference of serial homology from nomenclature as for the muscles: Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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A1-7 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002255]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the dorsal and ventral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. In A2-7, these might also synapse to muscles 26 (VA1), 27 (VA2) and 29 (VA3) (Selcho et al., 2012).

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A1-7 LL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110235]

Motor neuron developing from the fifth ganglion mother cell that differentiates from neuroblast NB7-1. It innervates the internal lateral longitudinal muscle 1 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the intermediate domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the LL1 muscle with type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its soma is found in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Kohsaka et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. The LL1 motor neuron is likely to correspond to the U5 neuron. This is suggested by the cell body position and by extrapolating the observation that these neurons that extend their axons the furthest differentiate the earliest (personal communication by Matthias Landgraf - FBrf0221138).

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A1-7 LO1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110274]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB3-3 lineage that innervates the external lateral oblique muscle 1 of abdominal segments 1 to 7. The motor neuron exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root nerve fasciculating with the SNa nerve branch and innervates the LO1 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 LT1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110263]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB2-2 lineage that innervates the external lateral transverse muscle 1. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root, fasciculating with the SNa nerve branch and innervates the LT1 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 LT2 motor neuron [FBbt_00110266]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB2-2 lineage that innervates the external lateral transverse muscle 2. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root nerve fasciculating with the SNa nerve branch and innervates the LT2 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 LT3 motor neuron [FBbt_00110269]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB3-2 lineage that innervates the external lateral transverse muscle 3. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root nerve fasciculating with the SNa nerve branch and innervates the LT3 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 LT4 motor neuron [FBbt_00110272]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB3-2 lineage that innervates the external lateral transverse muscle 4. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root nerve fasciculating with the SNa nerve branch and innervates the LT4 muscle with type Ib boutons. There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 SBM motor neuron [FBbt_00110276]

Motor neuron developing from the neuroblast NB2-4 lineage that innervates the external segment border muscle of abdominal segments 1 to 7 (Schmid et al., 1999). It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve SNa branch and innervates the SBM muscle of the same segment with type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001; Zarin and Labrador, 2019). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 V motor neuron [FBbt_00110302]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that develops from the neuroblast 5-2 and innervates the ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (Landgraf et al., 1997). It fasciculates with the ISNb intersegmental nerve branch, innervating VL1 via type III boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001; Zarin et al., 2019). It soma is one segment anterior to the muscle it innervates, in the contralateral hemineuromere (Landgraf et al., 1997). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 VA1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110254]

Motor neuron that innervates the external ventral acute muscle 1 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve root, fasciculating with the SNc nerve branch. These neurons (at least in A1 to A4) die during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 ventral motor neuron [FBbt_00002231]

Motor neuron that innervates the ventral oblique muscles VO1, 2, 4 and 5 and ventral longitudinal muscles VL1-4 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type Is boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001; Mauss et al., 2009). It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve, fasciculating with the ISNb branch, and innervates muscles in the next posterior segment to its soma (Zarin and Labrador, 2019). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002247]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the dorsal and lateral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047470]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in one of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to the muscle it innervates, the next anterior neuromere, and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001; Kohsaka et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00110292]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A1-7 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015). It innervates the muscle of the segment immediately posterior to its soma (Kohsaka et al., 2015).

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A1-7 VL3/4 motor neuron [FBbt_00002215]

RP3 motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral longitudinal muscles 3 and 4 of A1-7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the intermediate domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve fasciculating with the ISNb nerve branch. Its soma is located in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Landgraf et al., 1997). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 VO1 motor neuron [FBbt_00002223]

RP4 neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique muscle 1 (VO1; muscle 30) of segments A1-7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the intermediate domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve fasciculating with the ISNb nerve branch. Its soma is located in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Landgraf et al., 1997). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A1-7 VO2 motor neuron [FBbt_00002199]

RP1 motor neuron of A1-7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the lateral domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve and innervates the VO2 muscle (Mauss et al., 2009) via type Ib boutons. Its cell body is located in the segment anterior to the muscle it innervates (Landgraf et al., 1997). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. Innervation of muscle 14 makes this equivalent to the MN14-Ib neuron of Hoang and Chiba, 2001.

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A1-7 VO3 motor neuron [FBbt_00110284]

Motor neuron that develops from the neuroblast NB4-2 lineage. It innervates the internal ventral oblique muscle 3 of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7. Its dendritic arborization occupies the medial domain of the ventral nerve cord neuropil. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the anterior root of the intersegmental nerve, fasciculating with the ISNb nerve branch and innervates the VO3 muscle with type Ib boutons. These neurons (at least in A1 to A4) die during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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A2-7 VT1 motor neuron [FBbt_00110281]

Motor neuron developing from neuroblast NB4-1 lineage that innervates the ventral transverse muscle 1 of abdominal segments 2 to 7. It migrates medially and posteriorly during embryonic development (Schmid et al., 1999). It follows the transverse nerve and synapses to the VT1 muscle in the anterior part of the of the next posterior segment via type Ib boutons (Landgraf et al., 1997; Zarin et al., 2019). VT1 is only found in A2-7 segments (Zarin et al., 2019). Following Landgraf et al., 1997, larval motor neurons are named according to the muscle they innervate. The same caveats therefore apply regarding inference of serial homology from nomenclature as for the muscles: Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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abdominal 1 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002240]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 1 lateral dorsal longitudinal muscle 100 [FBbt_00003452]

Dorsal longitudinal muscle of abdominal segment 1 found in the lateral region of the segment. It tapers anteriorly to attach to the anterior border of the first abdominal tergite and attaches laterally to this same tergite. It is composed of several fibers.

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abdominal 1 lateral dorsal longitudinal muscle 99 [FBbt_00003451]

Dorsal longitudinal muscle of abdominal segment 1 found in the lateral region of the segment. It tapers anteriorly to attach to the anterior border of the first abdominal tergite and attaches posteriorly to the second abdominal tergite. It is composed of several fibers.

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abdominal 1 lateral dorsal longitudinal muscle 99 [FBbt_00058969]

Dorsal longitudinal muscle of abdominal segment 1 found in the lateral region of the segment. It tapers anteriorly to attach to the anterior border of the first abdominal tergite and attaches posteriorly to the second abdominal tergite. It is composed of several fibers.

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abdominal 1 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002427]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labelled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’ltd’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron. The name ltd is also sometimes used as a synonym for istd, an unrelated tracheal dendritic neuron found near the anterior segment boundary of A1-7.

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abdominal 1 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002256]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 1 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002248]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 1 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047502]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A1, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). During metamorphosis, its target muscle, VL1, develops into a temporary eclosion muscle, with some remodeling of the neuron, and this neuron becomes adult persistent motor neuron 12-Ib A1 (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 1 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047491]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A1 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the metathoracic neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015). During metamorphosis, this neuron switches targets to innervate the newly formed muscle 80 and become adult persistent motor neuron 13-Ib A1 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 1 VO1 motor neuron [FBbt_00002224]

Larval VO1 motor neuron of A1. It innervates the internal ventral oblique muscle 1 (muscle 30) of abdominal segment 1 via type Ib boutons. This neuron switches muscle targets during metamorphosis to become adult persistent motor neuron 30-Ib A1 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 1 VO2 motor neuron [FBbt_00002200]

Larval VO2 motor neuron of A1. It innervates the internal ventral oblique muscle 2 (muscle 14) of abdominal segment 1 via type Ib boutons. During metamorphosis, this neuron is re-targeted to innervate temporary eclosion muscle VL2 and become adult persistent motor neuron 14-Ib A1 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 2 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002241]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 2 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002428]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 2 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002257]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 2 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002249]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 2 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047503]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A2, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). During metamorphosis, its target muscle, VL1, develops into a temporary eclosion muscle, with some remodeling of the neuron, and this neuron becomes adult persistent motor neuron 12-Ib A2 (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 2 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047492]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A2 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 1 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015). During metamorphosis, this neuron switches targets to innervate the newly formed muscle 111 and become adult persistent motor neuron 13-Ib A2 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 2 VO2 motor neuron [FBbt_00002201]

Larval VO2 motor neuron of A2. It innervates the internal ventral oblique muscle 2 (muscle 14) of abdominal segment 2 via type Ib boutons. During metamorphosis, this neuron is re-targeted to innervate temporary eclosion muscle VL2 and become adult persistent motor neuron 14-Ib A2 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 3 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002242]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 3 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002429]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 3 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002258]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 3 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002250]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 3 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047504]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A3, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). This neuron dies during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 3 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047493]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A3 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 2 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015). During metamorphosis, this neuron switches targets to innervate an adult muscle along the ventral midline and become adult persistent motor neuron 13-Ib A3 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 4 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002243]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 4 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002430]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 4 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002259]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 4 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002251]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 4 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047505]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A4, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). This neuron dies during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 4 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047494]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A4 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 3 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015). During metamorphosis, this neuron switches targets to innervate an adult muscle along the ventral midline and become adult persistent motor neuron 13-Ib A4 (Banerjee et al., 2016).

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abdominal 5 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002244]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 5 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002431]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 5 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002260]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 5 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002252]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 5 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047506]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A5, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). This neuron dies during metamorphosis (Banerjee et al., 2016). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 5 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047495]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A5 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 4 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015).

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abdominal 6 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002245]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 6 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002432]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 6 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002261]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 6 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002253]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 6 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047507]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A6, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 6 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047496]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A6 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 5 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015).

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abdominal 7 dorsal VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002246]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 7 lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002433]

Any abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB (FBbt:00002426) that is part of some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754). Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labeled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’td’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron.

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abdominal 7 lateral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002262]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 7 ventral VUM motor neuron [FBbt_00002254]

Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).

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abdominal 7 VL1 motor neuron [FBbt_00047508]

Motor neuron that innervates ventral longitudinal muscle 1 (VL1; muscle 12), in larval abdominal segment A7, via type Ib boutons (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). Its cell body is located contralateral to VL1 and it fasciculates with the ISNb nerve branch (Hoang and Chiba, 2001). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.

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abdominal 7 VL2 motor neuron [FBbt_00047497]

Motor neuron of the larva that synapses to the ventral longitudinal muscle 2 (muscle 13) of A7 with a type Ib bouton. Its cell body is in the abdominal 6 neuromere, ipsilateral to the target muscle at the distal edge of the CNS (Hoang and Chiba, 2001, Kohsaka et al., 2015). It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve branch b (ISNb), which also contains other neurons that innervate ventrolateral internal muscles (Kohsaka et al., 2015).

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abdominal 8 VUM neuron [FBbt_00047555]

Octopamine-expressing VUM neuron with a cell body located in abdominal neuromere 8 (a8) of the larval ventral nerve cord. There are two of these cells. Processes arborize in the dorsomedial neuropil of anterior neuromeres and some neurites reach the posterior part of a5. The efferents project via the intersegmental nerve. Vomel and Wegener, 2008 (FBrf0210246) reported that these cells were located in abdominal neuromere 7. For neurotransmitter expression analysis, Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (tyramine beta-hydroxylase - implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons. These may be motor neurons and may innervate the female reproductive tract (Vomel and Wegener, 2008), but muscle targets have not been demonstrated.

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abdominal 9 DUM neuron [FBbt_00047553]

Unpaired median neuron of abdominal neuromere 9 (terminal neuromere) of the larval ventral nerve cord (VNC). Its cell body is on the VNC midline in a dorsal location and it arborizes mostly in the dorsal part of A9, but neurites also branch extensively in the dorsal and medial neuropil of A8 and reach the posterior part of A7. It is tyraminergic and octopaminergic. There are two of these cells. Vomel and Wegener, 2008 (FBrf0210246) reported that these cells were located in abdominal neuromere 8. For neurotransmitter expression analysis, Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (tyramine beta-hydroxylase - implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons.

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abdominal 9 neuroblast NB5-4 [FBbt_00052513]

Neuroblast NB5-4 found in abdominal segment 9. It begins to express doublesex in the late embryo, resulting in sexually-dimorphic behavior in the larva (Birkholz et al., 2013). Appears to be two of these on each side in the larva (expressing same markers and generating similar male secondary lineage) - unclear whether this is due to division, migration or if one is a different type of neuroblast (Birkholz et al., 2013).

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abdominal adult muscle precursor cell [FBbt_00003234]

An adult muscle precursor cell found in the embryonic abdomen. In each of embryonic segments A1-7, these form 4 clusters (dorsal, dorso-lateral, lateral and ventral) (Bate, et al., 1991) that are associated with peripheral nerves (Bate, 1993) and, during late embryogenesis, are connected to each other by a network of fine filopodia (Figeac et al., 2010). During metamorphosis, they migrate along the nerves to the sites of muscle formation at the epidermal histoblast nests (Bate, 1993).

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abdominal anterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdaa [FBbt_00002517]

Multidendritic neuron in the anterior ventral sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Based on its dendritic pattern, it is a class IV dendritic arborizing neuron. It is remodeled into the adult vdaa neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009).

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abdominal desA neuron [FBbt_00002321]

Larval desA neuron of an abdominal neuromere. It is associated either with abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum dh1 or with abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum dh2. Fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). From the current literature on abdominal desA and desB neurons (02/2010), it is not clear whether dh1 (the smaller, anteriorly located abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum) is innervated by desA or desB. Similarly with dh2 (the larger abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum). sr110210.

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abdominal desB neuron [FBbt_00002329]

Larval desB neuron of an abdominal neuromere. It is associated either with abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum dh1 or with abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum dh2. Fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). From the current literature on abdominal desA and desB neurons (02/2010), it is not clear whether dh1 (the smaller, anteriorly located abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum) is innervated by desA or desB. Similarly with dh2 (the larger abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum). sr110210.

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abdominal dorsal adult muscle precursor cell [FBbt_00003235]

An adult muscle precursor cell found in embryonic abdominal segments A1-7 that is located in the dorsal-most cluster of abdominal adult muscle precursors. This cluster begins life as a single cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (Bate et al., 1991) and connected to abdominal adult muscle precursor cells in the same segment by filopodia (Figeac et al., 2010). The cluster remains associated with this nerve through most of development, but migrates to the epidermal histoblast nests where muscle formation is initiated during metamorphosis (Bate, 1993).

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abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002442]

Bipolar multidendritic neuron in the dorsal sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. It emits two longitudinal dendritic branches along dorsal acute muscle 3 (Williams and Shepherd, 1999), and fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015). It has a large number of output synapses to A02a neurons (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016) and also provides input to Jaam1 and Jaam3 neurons (Heckscher et al., 2015). The function of these neurons is not clear and they do not seem to innervate any particular structure. The two dorsal longitudinal dendrites may be joined between segments and establish the dorsal longitudinal nerve, DLN (Bodmer et al., 1989) (Smith and Shepherd, 1996). The number of output synapses to A02a (35/35, L/R) in Schneider-Mizell et al. (2016) was estimated from the publication figures.

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abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002402]

Multidendritic neuron in the dorsal sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Based on its dendritic pattern, it is a class IV dendritic arborizing neuron. It is remodeled into the adult ddaC neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009).

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abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002410]

Multidendritic neuron in the dorsal sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Based on its dendritic pattern, it is a class I dendritic arborizing neuron. It has strong outputs to the Jaam2 and Jaam3 neurons (Heckscher et al., 2015), as well as A27j and A02b (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016). It is remodeled into the adult ddaD neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009). These neurons were identified in two EM reconstructions: one of the full CNS of a 6h old first instar larva, and another of abdominal segment 3 of a 12-24h old first instar larva (Heckscher et al., 2015; Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016). For Heckscher et al. (2015) only bilateral connections are reported. The number of identified output synapses in A1 was the following (number in brackets left/right): to Jaam2 (34/25), Jaam3 (35/40). It is still not known if the pattern of connections with Jaam neurons in A1 is replicated in the other abdominal segments (Heckscher et al., 2015). For Schneider-Mizell et al. (2016), the number of connections was estimated from the publication figures. The number of output synapses was the following (number in brackets left/right where available; ipsi- and contralateral connections separated by comma): to A27j (21), A02b (10, 14/15, 15) (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016).

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abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002418]

Multidendritic neuron in the dorsal sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Based on its dendritic pattern, it is a class I dendritic arborizing neuron. Some of these are remodeled into (short-lived) adult ddaE neurons during metamorphosis, neurons in posterior segments degenerate prior to eclosion (Shimono et al., 2009).

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abdominal dorsal trichoid sensillum dh1 [FBbt_00002783]

Small, mono-innervated hair of the dorsal sensory complex of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Note that this organ (identified as the anterior organ in the dh1-dh2 organ pair) is reported to be tri-innervated in Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997. The formerly separate term ‘h3’ (FBbt:00002791) has been merged with dh1: It is clear from comparing the diagrams in Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen (1986) with Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein (1997), that the authors are referring to the same sensillum; FlyPNS also states that these are synonyms.

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abdominal dorso-lateral adult muscle precursor cell [FBbt_00013243]

An adult muscle precursor cell found in embryonic abdominal segments A1-7 that is located in a dorso-lateral cluster of abdominal adult muscle precursors. This cluster begins life as a pair of cells associated with the intersegmental nerve and connected to other abdominal adult muscle precursor cells in the same segment by filopodia (Figeac et al., 2010). The cluster remains associated with this nerve through most of development, but migrates to the epidermal histoblast nests where muscle formation is initiated during metamorphosis (Bate, 1993). Corresponds to the two lateral-most of the 3 dorsal adult muscle precursor cells described by Bate et al., 1991.

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abdominal intersegmental bidendritic neuron isbp [FBbt_00002181]

Bipolar multidendritic neuron in the lateral sensory cluster of a larval abdominal segment. Located at the anterior segment boundary, it emits two long dendritic branches along the segment border muscle (muscle 8) (Williams and Shepherd, 1999).

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abdominal intersegmental trachea-associated neuron istd [FBbt_00002189]

Trachea associated multidendritic neuron located anteriorly in the lateral sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Referred to by Bodmer and Jan, 1987, and FlyPNS as ltd. Confusingly, Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, use the name ltd to refer to a different multi-dendritic neuron, ldaB.

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abdominal larval oenocyte group [FBbt_00001695]

A cluster of 4-9 larval oenocytes situated bilaterally in each of abdominal segments 1-7 in a space between the dorsoventral muscles and the body wall. Each cell group is closely associated with an ‘abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5’ and is supplied by its own tracheal branch.

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abdominal lateral adult muscle precursor cell [FBbt_00003243]

An adult muscle precursor cell found in embryonic abdominal segments A1-7 that is located in a lateral cluster of abdominal adult muscle precursors. This cluster begins life as a pair of cells associated with a posterior branch of the segmental nerve that innervates the segment border muscle (muscle 8) (Bate et al., 1991) and connected to abdominal adult muscle precursor cells in the same segment by filopodia (Figeac et al., 2010). The cluster remains associated with this nerve through most of development, but migrates to the epidermal histoblast nests where muscle formation is initiated during metamorphosis (Bate, 1993).

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abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaA [FBbt_00002434]

Multidendritic neuron in the lateral sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Based on its dendritic pattern, it is a class II dendritic arborizing neuron. It is remodeled into the adult ldaA neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009). Disambiguation - there is a multidendritic neuron of the lateral sensory cluster of T2 and T3 with the name ldaA (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997), but this likely reflects a naming coincidence rather than indicating they should be classified with the ldaA neurons of A1-7.

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abdominal lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB [FBbt_00002426]

Multidendritic neuron in the lateral sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Its dendrites harbour long primary and secondary branches with many spiked protrusions (1-20um) along most of their length. Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, have this labelled as a tracheal dendritic neuron ’ltd’ - but analysis in Grueber et al., 2002, shows this to be a class III da neuron. The name ltd is also sometimes used as a synonym for istd, an unrelated tracheal dendritic neuron found near the anterior segment boundary of A1-7.

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abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 [FBbt_00002831]

Pentascolopidial chordotonal organ located in the lateral sensory cluster of the embryonic/larval abdominal segment. Each of the five scolopidia that constitute the LCh5 organ contains a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell, and two accessory cells between which the sensory unit is stretched: a cap cell at the dendritic side and a ligament cell at the axonal side of the neuron (Halachmi et al., 2016). The cap and the ligament cells of all five organs are anchored to the cuticle by two cap attachment cells and one ligament attachment cell (Halachmi et al., 2016). The neuron, scolopale, cap, ligament and cap attachment cells of each scolopidium are derived from a single ato-expressing precursor through four asymmetric cell divisions (Halachmi et al., 2016).

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abdominal lateral trichoid sensillum lh1 [FBbt_00002839]

Lateral mono-innervated hair of larval abdominal segments 1-7. Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, state in table 9.1 that lh1 is innervated by lesA and innervates ‘h1’. This appears to be a misrepresentation of Ghysen et al., (1986) as this paper does not appear to make that claim. sr080210.

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abdominal lch5-1/3/5 neuron [FBbt_00047267]

Neuron of abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 that has more restricted rostrocaudal branches than lch5 2/4. This describes the first, middle and last neurons of the five in each abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 (Merritt and Whitington, 1995).

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abdominal lch5-2/4 neuron [FBbt_00047266]

Neuron of abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 that has extensive rostrocaudal branches, which may extend into neighboring neuromeres. This describes the second and penultimate neurons of the five in each abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 (Merritt and Whitington, 1995).

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abdominal medial-most cell body glial cell [FBbt_00100491]

Medial-most cell body glia of the embryonic/larval abdominal hemineuromere. There is only one of these per hemineuromere in the first instar (Ito et al., 1995). The medial-most cell body glial cells are likely the VUM-support cells described by Klambt and Goodman (1991), and Menne and Klambt (1994).

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abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002525]

Class I dendritic arborizing neuron of larval segments A1-7. Its cell body is located in the ventral cluster of sense organs and is the most posteriorly located of the multidendritic neurons found in these segments. It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015). It fasciculates in branch c of the abdominal segmental nerve, SNc (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It has strong outputs to Jaam2 (Heckscher et al., 2015). It does not persist into the adult stage (Shimono et al., 2009). Campos Ortega and Hartenstein (1997) state in one place that this neuron fasciculates with SNc and elsewhere that it fasciculates with SNa. It seems unlikely to do both, so have gone with SNc on the basis of the relevant figures. The number of identified output synapses in A1 to Jaam2 was 32/21 (L/R) (Heckscher et al., 2015).

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abdominal temporary eclosion muscle DA [FBbt_00007671]

Temporary eclosion muscle of the adult abdomen that develops from an A1-7 dorsal acute muscle. Wasser et al. (2007) suggest that during pupariation some of the muscles break apart into 2 fragments. For example in abdominal segment 3, one of the larval DA muscles splits to become a temporary eclosion muscle of segments 2 and 3.

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abdominal v'es2 neuron [FBbt_00002508]

Sensory neuron of v’es2. Fasciculates in branch a of the segmental nerve, SNa (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Disambiguation: Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997, name v’es2 as innervating papilla vp5. Due to possible confusion with synonyms of other PNS members (such as vp4a which has the synonym of vc5), we have adopted the terminology used by FlyPNS (FlyPNS:PNSdescription.html).

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