abdominal 1 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002443]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
Tag: Proprioceptive_system
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002387]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002395]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002403]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002411]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002419]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00006026]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002526]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 1 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002590]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 1 (FBbt:00001748).
abdominal 2 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002444]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002388]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002396]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002404]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002412]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002420]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012388]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002527]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 2 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002591]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 2 (FBbt:00001749).
abdominal 3 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002445]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002389]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002397]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002405]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002413]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002421]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012389]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002528]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 3 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002592]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 3 (FBbt:00001750).
abdominal 4 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002446]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002390]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002398]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002406]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002414]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002422]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012390]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002529]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 4 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002593]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 4 (FBbt:00001751).
abdominal 5 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002447]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002391]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002399]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002407]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002415]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002423]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012391]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002530]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 5 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002594]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 5 (FBbt:00001752).
abdominal 6 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002448]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002392]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002400]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002408]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002416]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002424]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012392]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002531]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 6 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002595]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
abdominal 7 dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002449]
Any abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp (FBbt:00002442) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002393]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002401]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002409]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002417]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002425]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012393]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002532]
Any abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap (FBbt:00002525) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal 7 ventral bipolar neuron vbp [FBbt_00002596]
Any abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd (FBbt:00002589) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 7 (FBbt:00001754).
abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00002442]
Bipolar dendrite neuron in the dorsal sensory cluster of larval abdominal segments 1-7. It emits two longitudinal dendritic branches along dorsal acute muscle 3 (Williams and Shepherd, 1999), and fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015). It has a large number of output synapses to A02a neurons (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016) and also provides input to Jaam1 and Jaam3 neurons (Heckscher et al., 2015). It is cholinergic (Heckman and Doe, 2022).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron [FBbt_00007500]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron (FBbt:00002024) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment (FBbt:00001747).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002386]
Larval ddaA neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. It does not persist into the adult stage (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002394]
Larval ddaB neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. It does not persist into the adult stage (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002402]
Larval ddaC neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. It is remodeled into the adult ddaC neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002410]
Larval ddaD neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. It develops from a common precursor with the abdominal desC neuron (Veling et al., 2019). It has strong outputs to the Jaam2 and Jaam3 neurons (Heckscher et al., 2015), as well as A27j and A02b (Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016). It is remodeled into the adult ddaD neuron during metamorphosis (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002418]
Larval ddaE neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. Some of these are remodeled into (short-lived) adult ddaE neurons during metamorphosis, neurons in posterior segments degenerate prior to eclosion (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00006025]
Larval ddaF neuron with its soma in an abdominal segment. It does not persist into the adult stage (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal posterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdap [FBbt_00002525]
Larval class I multidendritic neuron with its soma located relatively posteriorly in the ventral (v) part of a ventral sensory cluster of an abdominal segment (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015). It fasciculates with branch c of the abdominal segmental nerve (SNc) (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It has strong outputs to Jaam2 (Heckscher et al., 2015). It does not persist into the adult stage (Shimono et al., 2009).
abdominal ventral bipolar dendrite neuron vbd [FBbt_00002589]
Bipolar dendrite neuron with its soma in the ventral sensory cluster of a larval abdominal segment, close to vdaA-D (Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). It emits two dendritic branches along the anterior posterior axis (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015). It has strong outputs to the A08e3 local neuron, Jaam2 and A02b (Heckscher et al., 2015; Schneider-Mizell et al., 2016). It is cholinergic (Heckman and Doe, 2022).
adult proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00052033]
Adult neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
adult proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00052033]
Adult neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
adult prosternal chordotonal organ neuron [FBbt_00053163]
Sensory neuron that has its dendrite in the prosternal (anterior prothoracic) chordotonal organ (Marin et al., 2024). It is proprioceptive (Marin et al., 2024).
adult prosternal chordotonal organ neuron [FBbt_00053163]
Sensory neuron that has its dendrite in the prosternal (anterior prothoracic) chordotonal organ (Marin et al., 2024). It is proprioceptive (Marin et al., 2024). It follows the prothoracic chordotonal nerve to the prothoracic neuromere, where it joins the dorsal median tract and extends posteriorly (Marin et al., 2024; Gorko et al., 2024). It sends processes towards the midline Gorko et al., 2024).
adult prosternal sense organ neuron [FBbt_00053164]
Adult sensory neuron that has its dendrite in the prosternal sense organ (Marin et al., 2024). It is proprioceptive (Marin et al., 2024).
adult prosternal sense organ neuron [FBbt_00053164]
Adult sensory neuron that has its dendrite in the prosternal sense organ (Marin et al., 2024). It is proprioceptive (Marin et al., 2024).
adult prothoracic 10Balpha neuron [FBbt_00052131]
Adult cholinergic interneuron of hemilineage 10B with its soma in the prothoracic neuromere that receives input from a directionally-tuned femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) club neuron and responds to tibial vibrations and tibial movements in both directions (Agrawal et al., 2020). These cells innervate multiple neuromeres and a subset ascend to the brain, where they innervate the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Agrawal et al., 2020). Its activation causes pausing behaviour in walking flies (Agrawal et al., 2020).
adult prothoracic 13Balpha neuron [FBbt_00052128]
Adult GABAergic interneuron of hemilineage 13B with its soma in the prothoracic neuromere that receives input from a tibial extension-sensitive femoral chordotonal organ claw neuron (Agrawal et al., 2020). It lacks action potentials, but it depolarizes or hyperpolarizes in response to tibial extension or flexion, respectively, and these responses are non-adapting (Agrawal et al., 2020). Its activation causes a slow extension of the coxa-femur joint and flexion of the femur-tibia joint (Agrawal et al., 2020).
adult prothoracic 9Aalpha neuron [FBbt_00052129]
Adult GABAergic interneuron of hemilineage 9A with its soma in the prothoracic neuromere that receives input from a directionally-tuned femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) hook neuron and is activated by fast, flexing swinging movements (Agrawal et al., 2020). It is also activated by vibration, suggesting direct or indirect input from FeCO club neurons (Agrawal et al., 2020). Different cells of this type may have different additional response properties (Agrawal et al., 2020). Its activation causes small extensions of the tibia-tarsus and femur-tibia joints (Agrawal et al., 2020).
adult prothoracic 9Aalpha2 neuron [FBbt_00052130]
Adult GABAergic interneuron of hemilineage 9A with its soma in the prothoracic neuromere and neurites extending anteriorly, similar to femoral chordotonal claw neurons (Agrawal et al., 2020). It encodes flexed tibial positions via tonic changes in membrane potential and firing rate (Agrawal et al., 2020).
dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00052666]
Bipolar dendrite neuron found in a larval dorsal sensory cluster. It emits two dendritic branches (Williams and Shepherd, 1999; Bodmer and Jan, 1987) and fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). One of these cells is found in each of segments T2 to A6 (Heckman and Doe, 2022).
dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00052666]
Bipolar dendrite neuron found in a larval dorsal sensory cluster. It emits two dendritic branches (Williams and Shepherd, 1999; Bodmer and Jan, 1987) and fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). One of these cells is found in each of segments T2 to A6 (Heckman and Doe, 2022).
FeCO [FBbt_00048051]
Mechanosensory neuron that innervates a scolopidium of a femoral chordotonal organ. Each scolopidium is innervated by two such neurons (Shanbhag et al., 1992; Kuan et al., 2020). There are around 135 per leg and they project through the leg nerve to the ventral nerve cord, with a small minority (3-4) continuing to the brain (Mamiya et al., 2018; Phelps et al., 2021). They are cholinergic proprioceptive sensory neurons (Mamiya et al., 2018; Agrawal et al., 2020).
femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron [FBbt_00053520]
Femoral chordotonal claw neuron that is active while the femur-tibia joint is extended (Lee et al., 2025). Its set of postsynaptic partners is very different to that of the claw flexion neurons (Lee et al., 2025).
femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron [FBbt_00053521]
Femoral chordotonal claw neuron that is active while the femur-tibia joint is flexed (Lee et al., 2025). Its set of postsynaptic partners is very different to that of the claw extension neurons (Lee et al., 2025).
femoral chordotonal claw neuron [FBbt_00049557]
Femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) neuron with a projection that splits into three branches upon entering the ventral nerve cord, giving it a claw-like morphology (Phillis et al., 1996; Mamiya et al., 2018). One branch follows the direction of the club neurons medially, another projects dorsally and another anteriorly (Mamiya et al., 2018). Its soma is found in a characteristic blade-shaped strip along the long axis of the femur (Mamiya et al., 2018). It encodes sensory information about tibial position (Agrawal et al., 2020).
femoral chordotonal club neuron [FBbt_00049556]
Femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) neuron that projects close to the midline of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and forms a club-shaped arborization in the medial ventral association center (Phillis et al., 1996; Mamiya et al., 2018). Some of these neurons ascend to the brain or project to other regions of the VNC (Mamiya et al., 2018). Its soma is found in the proximal part of the FeCO (Mamiya et al., 2018). It encodes sensory information about tibial vibration and bidirectional movement (Agrawal et al., 2020).
femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052632]
[femoral chordotonal hook neuron; femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron; has_sensory_dendrite_in; ventral scoloparium of femoral chordotonal organ; Femoral chordotonal hook neuron that responds transiently during tibia extension, but not flexion (Mamiya et al., 2023).]
femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052632]
Femoral chordotonal hook neuron that responds transiently during femur-tibia joint extension, but not flexion (Mamiya et al., 2023). Its set of postsynaptic partners is very different to that of the hook flexion neurons (Lee et al., 2025).
femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052633]
Femoral chordotonal hook neuron that responds transiently during tibia flexion, but not extension (Mamiya et al., 2023).
femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052633]
Femoral chordotonal hook neuron that responds transiently during femur-tibia joint flexion, but not extension (Mamiya et al., 2023). Its set of postsynaptic partners is very different to that of the hook extension neurons (Lee et al., 2025).
femoral chordotonal hook neuron [FBbt_00049558]
Femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) neuron with a projection that follows the dorsal branch of the claw neurons and also has a medial projection, which turns slightly posteriorly (Mamiya et al., 2018). Its soma is found in a small cluster along the ventral edge of the FeCO (Mamiya et al., 2018). It encodes sensory information about directional tibial movement (Agrawal et al., 2020).
larval abdominal 1 A02a neuron [FBbt_00048986]
Any larval A02a neuron (FBbt:00111662) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 A02b neuron [FBbt_00048649]
Any larval A02b neuron (FBbt:00111664) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052668]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has soma location some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052668]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 A02m neuron [FBbt_00047770]
Any larval A02m neuron (FBbt:00111248) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 A02n neuron [FBbt_00047701]
Larval A02n neuron with a cell body located in abdominal neuromere 1. It is a small neuron with soma is located in the ventral cortex region close to the medial abdominal neuromere. It receives input from the abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC. Its soma is more ventrally-located than that of the A02m neuron.
larval abdominal 1 A27j neuron [FBbt_00048707]
Any larval A27j neuron (FBbt:00111666) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 down and back neuron [FBbt_00047727]
Larval down and back neuron of abdominal neuromere 1. it is a somatosensory interneuron that arborizes in the nociceptive neuropil and receives input from all three class IV dendritic arborizing neurons. The majority of its other input is also from sensory neurons and the majority of its output is to premotor neurons. From a laterally-located cell body, it projects ventromedially to the nociceptive neuropil and arborizes profusely. A single process also projects back laterally and dorsally towards the cell body. It is involved in activating bending and rolling behavior in response to nociceptive stimuli, such as noxious heat.
larval abdominal 1 Jaam1 neuron [FBbt_00048961]
Any larval Jaam1 neuron (FBbt:00111656) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 1 Jaam3 neuron [FBbt_00048963]
Any larval Jaam3 neuron (FBbt:00111658) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 1 neuromere (FBbt:00051990).
larval abdominal 2 A02b neuron [FBbt_00048650]
Any larval A02b neuron (FBbt:00111664) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 2 neuromere (FBbt:00051991).
larval abdominal 2 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052669]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has soma location some cell body rind of larval abdominal 2 neuromere (FBbt:00051991).
larval abdominal 2 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052669]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 2 neuromere (FBbt:00051991).
larval abdominal 3 A02a neuron [FBbt_00051360]
Any larval A02a neuron (FBbt:00111662) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 3 neuromere (FBbt:00051992).
larval abdominal 3 A02b neuron [FBbt_00051361]
Any larval A02b neuron (FBbt:00111664) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 3 neuromere (FBbt:00051992).
larval abdominal 3 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052670]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has soma location some cell body rind of larval abdominal 3 neuromere (FBbt:00051992).
larval abdominal 3 A02l neuron [FBbt_00052670]
Any larval A02l neuron (FBbt:00111663) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 3 neuromere (FBbt:00051992).
larval abdominal 3 A02m neuron [FBbt_00047771]
Any larval A02m neuron (FBbt:00111248) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of larval abdominal 3 neuromere (FBbt:00051992).
larval abdominal 3 A02n neuron [FBbt_00047820]
Larval A02n neuron with a cell body located in abdominal neuromere 3. Its soma is located ventrally, close to the medial abdominal neuromere. It receives synaptic input from the class IV dendritic arborizing neuron ddaC (Gerhard et al., 2017).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron [FBbt_00002024]
Larval multidendritic neuron of the dorsal sensory cluster. It is a proprioceptor neuron (Heckscher et al., 2015).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002025]
Larval class III multidendritic neuron whose cell body is relatively ventroposterior compared to other multidendritic neurons in the dorsal sensory cluster (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002026]
Larval class II multidendritic neuron whose cell body is relatively ventral compared to other multidendritic neurons in the dorsal sensory cluster, slightly dorsal to ddaA (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002027]
Larval class IV multidendritic neuron whose cell body is located fairly centrally among the dendritic arborizing neurons of the dorsal sensory cluster (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). Its dendrites cover a dorsal region of the body wall of its segment and do not overlap with the dendrites of the anterior ventral (vdaa) neuron (Grueber et al., 2002). Its axon terminals are found in a dorsal region of the nociceptive neuropil (Li et al., 2019).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002028]
Larval class I multidendritic neuron whose cell body is relatively anterodorsal compared to other multidendritic neurons in the dorsal sensory cluster (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002029]
Larval class I multidendritic neuron whose cell body is relatively posterodorsal compared to other multidendritic neurons in the dorsal sensory cluster (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005).
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00006024]
Larval class III multidendritic neuron whose cell body is relatively dorsal compared to other multidendritic neurons in the dorsal sensory cluster (Grueber et al., 2002; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005).
larval proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00052521]
Larval neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
larval proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00052521]
Larval neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
LNC [FBbt_00053170]
Adult chordotonal neuron that innervates a lateral (posterior) scolopidium of the anterior prothoracic (neck) chordotonal organ (Gorko et al., 2024).
mechanosensory neuron of mesothoracic femoral chordotonal organ [FBbt_00048054]
Mechanosensory neuron that innervates a scolopidium of a femoral chordotonal organ in the mesothoracic leg.
mechanosensory neuron of metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ [FBbt_00048053]
Mechanosensory neuron that innervates a scolopidium of a femoral chordotonal organ in the metathoracic leg.
mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8 [FBbt_00058084]
Mechanosensory neuron with a dendrite in the hair plate of prothoracic coxa CoHP8. Its axonal projection enters the VNC through the ventral prothoracic nerve (Kuan et al., 2020). It detects leg movements associated with low-viscosity food and is required for the enhancement of the proboscis extension reflex in response to yeast odors in combination with low-viscosity food (Oh et al., 2021).
mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic femoral chordotonal organ [FBbt_00048052]
Mechanosensory neuron that innervates a scolopidium of a femoral chordotonal organ in the prothoracic leg. There are 152 such neurons in a prothoracic leg (Kuan et al., 2020).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002116]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002117]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002118]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002119]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002120]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00012116]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron [FBbt_00053524]
Any femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron (FBbt:00053520) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron [FBbt_00053527]
Any femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron (FBbt:00053521) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal claw neuron [FBbt_00049563]
Any femoral chordotonal claw neuron (FBbt:00049557) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal club neuron [FBbt_00049564]
Any femoral chordotonal club neuron (FBbt:00049556) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052635]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has soma location some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052635]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052637]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has soma location some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052637]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
mesothoracic femoral chordotonal hook neuron [FBbt_00049562]
Any femoral chordotonal hook neuron (FBbt:00049558) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002154]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002155]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002156]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002157]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002158]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF [FBbt_00006027]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF (FBbt:00006024) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron [FBbt_00053525]
Any femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron (FBbt:00053520) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron [FBbt_00053528]
Any femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron (FBbt:00053521) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal claw neuron [FBbt_00049566]
Any femoral chordotonal claw neuron (FBbt:00049557) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal club neuron [FBbt_00049567]
Any femoral chordotonal club neuron (FBbt:00049556) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052636]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has soma location some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052636]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052638]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has soma location some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052638]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
metathoracic femoral chordotonal hook neuron [FBbt_00049565]
Any femoral chordotonal hook neuron (FBbt:00049558) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
MNC [FBbt_00053171]
Adult chordotonal neuron that innervates a medial (anterior) scolopidium of the anterior prothoracic (neck) chordotonal organ (Gorko et al., 2024).
neuron 70796 (T1LEG:608243) [VFB_00102e9p]
thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate, ventral nerve [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; neuron 70796 (T1LEG:608243); female organism; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020); overlaps]
neuron 82061 (T1LEG:602290) [VFB_00102dxu]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); neuron 82061 (T1LEG:602290); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020)]
neuron 82065 (T1LEG:602338) [VFB_00102dxx]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020); neuron 82065 (T1LEG:602338)]
neuron 82073 (T1LEG:602369) [VFB_00102dxz]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; neuron 82073 (T1LEG:602369); female organism; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020); overlaps]
neuron 82079 (T1LEG:602400) [VFB_00102dy1]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020); neuron 82079 (T1LEG:602400)]
neuron 82085 (T1LEG:602431) [VFB_00102dy3]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; neuron 82085 (T1LEG:602431); VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020)]
neuron 82097 (T1LEG:602494) [VFB_00102dy7]
thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, ventral nerve, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; neuron 82097 (T1LEG:602494); mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020)]
neuron 82103 (T1LEG:602513) [VFB_00102dy8]
ventral nerve, thorax-coxa joint, CoHP8, sensory neuron, hair plate [CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); is part of; mechanosensory neuron of prothoracic coxal hair plate CoHP8; female organism; overlaps; prothoracic leg; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020); neuron 82103 (T1LEG:602513)]
neuron 95369 (T1LEG:608200) [VFB_00102e9m]
sensory neuron, innervates scolopidium 103317, femoral chordotonal neuron, attaches to proximal branch of FeCO medial tendon [neuron 95369 (T1LEG:608200); CC-BY_4.0; X-ray computed tomography; Millimeter-scale imaging of a Drosophila leg at single-neuron resolution; VFB CATMAID Adult T1 Leg (T1Leg); mechanosensory neuron of femoral chordotonal organ; is part of; female organism; prothoracic leg; overlaps; Adult T1 Leg (Kuan2020)]
proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00051653]
Neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
proprioceptive projection neuron [FBbt_00051653]
Neuron that relays proprioceptive (body position) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
proprioceptive sensory neuron [FBbt_00051439]
Any sensory neuron (FBbt:00005124) that capable of part of some proprioception (GO:0019230).
proprioceptive system [FBbt_00052154]
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of proprioception.
proprioceptive system neuron [FBbt_00052132]
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some proprioception (GO:0019230).
prothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA [FBbt_00002076]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA (FBbt:00002025) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
prothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB [FBbt_00002077]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB (FBbt:00002026) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
prothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC [FBbt_00002078]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC (FBbt:00002027) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
prothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD [FBbt_00002079]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (FBbt:00002028) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
prothoracic dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE [FBbt_00002080]
Any larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (FBbt:00002029) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron [FBbt_00053523]
Any femoral chordotonal claw extension neuron (FBbt:00053520) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron [FBbt_00053526]
Any femoral chordotonal claw flexion neuron (FBbt:00053521) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal claw neuron [FBbt_00049560]
Any femoral chordotonal claw neuron (FBbt:00049557) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal club neuron [FBbt_00049561]
Any femoral chordotonal club neuron (FBbt:00049556) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052634]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has soma location some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron [FBbt_00052634]
Any femoral chordotonal hook extension neuron (FBbt:00052632) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052639]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has soma location some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron [FBbt_00052639]
Any femoral chordotonal hook flexion neuron (FBbt:00052633) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
prothoracic femoral chordotonal hook neuron [FBbt_00049559]
Any femoral chordotonal hook neuron (FBbt:00049558) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
thoracic dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00052559]
Bipolar dendrite neuron with its soma in the dorsal sensory cluster of a larval thoracic segment (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It emits two dendritic branches running anterior-posteriorly (Bodmer and Jan, 1987), and its axon fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
thoracic dorsal bipolar neuron dbp [FBbt_00052559]
Bipolar dendrite neuron with its soma in the dorsal sensory cluster of a larval thoracic segment (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It emits two dendritic branches running anterior-posteriorly (Bodmer and Jan, 1987), and its axon fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).