Tag: Synaptic_neuropil

adult accessory mesothoracic neuropil [FBbt_00004091]

Region of dense neuropil located at the interface between the mesothoracic neuromere and the prothoracic neuromere, ventral to the tectulum (Court et al., 2020). It mostly contains sensory afferents from the wing and notum that enter the central nervous system via the anterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult antennal lobe [FBbt_00007401]

The adult antennal lobe is a bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the deutocerebrum lying in front of the protocerebral synaptic neuropil domains. It is divided into approximately 50 glomeruli and is clearly separated from adjacent neuropil domains by an extensive glial sheath. The two antennal lobes are connected by the antennal commissure and receive olfactory receptor neuron axons from the antennal nerve and subesophageal tract. It is also connected to the antennal lobe tracts and the broad root.

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adult anterior ventral sensory compartment [FBbt_00051419]

Adult sensory region of the subesophageal zone that develops from the larval anterior ventral sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018). It receives fibers from the anterior root of the maxillary-labial nerve and fibers of the pharyngeal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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adult borboleta region [FBbt_00052530]

Butterfly-shaped region of the posterior adult subesophageal zone (Munch et al., 2022). It has three subregions, whose activity in response to yeast stimulus is modulated by internal metabolic state (Munch et al., 2022). Munch et al. (2022) do not define this as a motor or sensory region.

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adult central complex [FBbt_00003632]

A midline crossing complex of the synaptic neuropil domains of the adult brain: the ellipsoid body, the fan-shaped body, the three paired noduli, the asymmetrical bodies and the protocerebral bridge. It is closely associated with another paired synaptic neuropil domain, the lateral complex. It lies in the middle of the brain between the pedunculi of the mushroom bodies and is bounded ventrally by the esophagus, dorsally by the pars intercerebralis and laterally by the antenno-glomerular tracts. Some authors’ use of the term ‘central body’ excludes the protocerebral bridge, some usage also excludes the noduli, some exclude the lateral triangles, and historically it has been used to refer to the fan-shaped body alone (Hanesch et al., 1989).

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adult central sensory compartment of subesophageal zone [FBbt_00051418]

Adult sensory region of the subesophageal zone that develops from the narrow anterior (tritocerebral and gnathal) region of the larval central sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018). It encompasses the antennal mechanosensory and motor center at its anterior end, containing the axon terminals of Johnston organ neurons entering via the antennal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018). At its posterior end, it receives axonal projections of thoracic and abdominal sensory neurons, which enter the subesophageal zone via the cervical connective (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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adult crepine [FBbt_00045037]

A thin, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that wraps around the medial lobe of the mushroom body. Many neurons in this domain enter the lobes to form extensive connections with Kenyon cell fibers. The name crepine is used in French cuisine to refer to a slice of meat wrapped around some delicacy. The posterior region of the crepine corresponds to the dorsal part of the inferior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (IDFP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult inframedial bridge [FBbt_00049601]

Small region of the adult mesothoracic neuromere connecting the two giant fiber neurons across the midline, proximal to their lateral axonal bend (Allen et al., 1998). Several neurons that connect to the giant fiber neuron(s) via gap junctions do so in this region (Kennedy and Broadie, 2018).

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adult lateral accessory lobe [FBbt_00003681]

A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult brain with a roughly pyramidal shape that is located inferior-lateral to the ellipsoid body and anterior-inferior to the bulb (lateral triangle). It lies behind the antennal lobe and in front of the ventral complex. The LAL corresponds to part of the anterior superior part of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral part of the inferior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (IDFP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult lateral horn [FBbt_00007053]

Dorsolateral horn-shaped synaptic neuropil domain of the adult protocerebrum that houses the terminals of various antennal lobe projection neurons (Ito et al., 2014). It is not separated from other neuropils by a glial sheath, but by the extent of arborization and synapsing of these antennal lobe projection neurons (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult mushroom body [FBbt_00003684]

Bilaterally paired neuropil structure situated postero-dorsally in the protocerebrum that functions in olfactory associative learning and memory. The mushroom body is divided into: the calyx, which is closest to the cell body rind and receives sensory interneuron afferents; the pedunculus, which is a thick axon bundle extending from the calyx to the base of the lobes; and the mushroom body lobe system, which consists of a vertical branch composed of two intertwined lobes (alpha and alpha’) and a medial branch consisting of three parallel lobes (beta, beta’ and gamma) (Crittenden et al., 1998; Ito et al., 2014).

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adult mushroom body alpha'' lobe [FBbt_00100252]

A subregion of the alpha’ lobe occupied by the vertical lobe projecting branches of the neurons composing the mushroom body beta’’ lobe of the adult brain. Via Golgi impregnation and immunostaining, Strausfeld et al., (2003) identifies this highly taurine-immunopositive, aspartate-immunonegative band. However, Tanaka et al., (2008), using an enhancer trap screen, suggest that the neurons composing the alpha’’/beta’’ lobe should be regarded as a subpopulation of the alpha’/beta’ anterior neurons.

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adult mushroom body beta\'\' lobe [FBbt_00100251]

A narrow division lying between the gamma and beta’ lobes of the adult brain. Axons innervating the beta’’ lobe have axons innervating the alpha’ lobe front surface. Via Golgi impregnation and immunostaining, Strausfeld et al., (2003) identifies this highly taurine-immunopositive, aspartate-immunonegative band. However, Tanaka et al., (2008), using an enhancer trap screen, suggest that the neurons composing the alpha’’/beta’’ lobe should be regarded as a subpopulation of the alpha’/beta’ anterior neurons.

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adult mushroom body dorsal accessory calyx [FBbt_00045007]

A small subregion of the adult mushroom body that protrudes from the anterior-dorsal edge of the calyx into the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) (Ito et al., 2014). It contains the terminals of the alpha/beta posterior Kenyon cells (Tanaka et al., 2008; Ito et al., 2014; Aso et al., 2014) and it is not separated from the SLP by a glial sheath (Ito et al., 2014). It receives mainly visual input with little, if any, olfactory or gustatory input (Li et al., 2020). Previously named the accessory calyx, this was renamed to the dorsal accessory calyx to distinguish it from the ventral accessory calyx (Aso et al., 2014).

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adult mushroom body lateral accessory calyx [FBbt_00048332]

A small bar-shaped subregion of the adult mushroom body that protrudes from the anterior dorsolateral edge of the calyx, lateral to the dorsal accessory calyx (Jenett et al., 2012). It contains the postsynaptic terminals of a subpopulation of around 14 alpha’/beta’ Kenyon cells (Yagi et al., 2016; Li et al., 2020), some of which only receive input in this region (Marin et al., 2020). It also contains some of the postsynaptic terminals of the gamma-s2 Kenyon cell (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020). The vast majority of presynapses in this region are from the temperature-sensitive antennal lobe VP3 vPN and VP2 adPN projection neurons (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020).

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adult mushroom body ventral accessory calyx [FBbt_00110991]

A small protrusion of the adult mushroom body calyx extending ventral lateral to the main calyx (Aso et al., 2014). The dendritic arbors of gamma dorsal Kenyon cells are found in this region (Aso et al., 2014). It is targeted by visual projection neurons (Li et al., 2020).

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adult sensory region of subesophageal zone [FBbt_00051393]

Synaptic neuropil domain of the adult subesophageal zone that houses the axon terminals of sensory neurons (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010; Kendroud et al., 2018). These can be defined based on the projection patterns of neurons entering the brain via particular roots of the maxillary-labial, pharyngeal and antennal nerves (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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antennal lobe glomerulus 2 [FBbt_00007093]

Glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe located on the same frontal plane as glomerulus DM3 (a landmark glomerulus). It lies dorsomedial to the posterior part of glomerulus V, and lateral to glomerulus VM6. Note: This glomerulus not found in all samples when it was originally categorised, so may not be present in all animals. Not identified in comprehensive EM AL analysis (Bates et al., 2020 - FlyBase:FBrf0246460).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DA1 [FBbt_00003932]

Dorso-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventrolateral to glomerulus DL3 and lateral to glomerulus DL4. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DC4 [FBbt_00100531]

Dorsal glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventral to glomerulus DM3 and posterior to DC2 and DC1, and is innervated by coeloconic olfactory receptor neurons (Couto et al., 2005). This glomerulus corresponds to glomerulus 1 as described in Laissue et al. (1999).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DL5 [FBbt_00003970]

Dorso-lateral glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies lateral to glomerulus DM3 and medial to glomerulus DL1. It is larger in females than males (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DL6 [FBbt_00007442]

A small, densely innervated glomerulus located just anterior to DL1. This glomerulus is visible with Nc82 staining (Marin et al., 2005), but was not identified by Laissue et al., 1999. Not identified in comprehensive EM AL analysis (Bates et al., 2020 - FlyBase:FBrf0246460).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DM1 [FBbt_00003975]

Dorso-medial glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsal to glomerulus DM4 and medial to glomerulus DP1m. It is larger in females than males (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DP1 [FBbt_00003977]

Dorso-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. There are two of these, which lie along the dorsolateral border of the posterior-most strata of the antennal lobe, lateral to glomerulus DM1 and dorsal to glomerulus DL2. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA2 [FBbt_00003942]

Ventral anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies medial to glomerulus VA3 and ventrolateral to glomerulus VM2. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA6 [FBbt_00003938]

Ventro-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventral to glomerulus DA4 and dorsolateral to glomerulus VM5. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA7 [FBbt_00003945]

Ventro-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. There are two of these, which together lie dorsal to glomerulus VA3, and dorsomedial to glomerulus VA5. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VC3 [FBbt_00003953]

Ventro-central antennal lobe glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It is composed of two compartments which together lie dorsal to glomeruli VM1 and VM6, and dorsolateral to glomerulus VM7. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VC5 [FBbt_00110029]

Ventro-central antennal lobe glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe, dorsal to antennal lobe glomerulus VC3 lateral compartment (Endo et al., 2007). It may be thermo- or hygrosensory rather than olfactory (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020). Bates et al. (2020) state that this is the same as glomerulus VM6.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VL1 [FBbt_00003954]

Ventro-lateral glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies in the ventrolateral corner of the antennal lobe ventrolateral to glomerulus VA5 and ventromedial to the anterior compartment of glomerulus VL2. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP1 [FBbt_00003927]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It is located dorsomedial to glomerulus VP3, dorsoposterior to glomerulus V. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) and Yu et al (2010) glomerulus VP1 is located medially to glomerulus VP2. The VP1 glomerulus corresponds to the target region of the Ir40-expressing olfactory sensory neurons, corresponding to the ‘column’ (Silbering et al., 2011). Tanaka et al (2012) identifies a new glomerulus, VP4, as another target region of Ir40a-expressing olfactory sensory neurons, which is innervated by different projection neurons to VP1. Grabe et al. (2015) merge glomeruli VP1 and VM6.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP2 [FBbt_00003928]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies just medial to glomerulus VP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) glomerulus VP2 is located in between glomeruli VP1 and VP3. In Gallio et al (2011), glomerulus VP2 is described as corresponding to the medial region of the proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAP) which is innervated by hot-sensing neurons.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP3 [FBbt_00003929]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsolateral to glomerulus VP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed relative to glomeruli VP1 and VP2 (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) glomerulus VP3 is located laterally to glomerulus VP2. In Gallio et al (2011), glomerulus VP3 is described as corresponding to the lateral region of the proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAP) which is innervated by cold-sensing neurons.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP4 [FBbt_00110865]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsoposterior to glomerulus VP3, ventral to DP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation, but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, according to Tanaka et al. (2012) this glomerulus corresponds to part of the innervation region of IR40a ORNs, identified as the ‘arm’ by Silbering et al. (2011). Although VP1 and VP4 glomeruli are innervated by IR40a neurons, these correspond to different subsets and are therefore considered different glomeruli (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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antennal lobe hub [FBbt_00100362]

Central, non-glomerular region of the adult antennal lobe. It is distinguished from the antennal lobe glomeruli in that olfactory receptor neurons do not terminate here, though antennal lobe projection neurons and many local neurons run through this area. The density of synapses is lower than in the antennal lobe glomeruli.

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center [FBbt_00003982]

Adult neuropil domain that receives the axonal projections of the Johnston organ neurons (JONs) (Ito et al., 2014). It is part of the saddle, which is found in a relatively dorsal part of the subesophageal zone (Ito et al., 2014). It develops from the anteriormost (tritocerebral) part of the larval central sensory column, which greatly increases in size as JON axons enter it via the antennal nerve during metamorphosis (Kendroud et al., 2018). Afferents of the JONs also invade the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A [FBbt_00100015]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from bifurcation of the Johnston’s organ bundle. (The other structure arising from this bifurcation is the main trunk of the AMMC (MT)). Zone A is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons. The cell bodies of zone A Johnston organ neurons are located mainly in the inner layer of Johnston’s organ, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). Presence of presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B [FBbt_00100016]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from the first bifurcation of the AMMC main trunk. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C [FBbt_00100017]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the most lateral half of the bifurcation at the end of the lateral core (LC) bundle (the other half of the bifurcation forms zone D). It is rich in the presynapses of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). It is composed of two branches (CM and CL), which merge at their posterior ends (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D [FBbt_00100018]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the bifurcation that terminates the lateral core bundle. (The other half of the bifurcation forms zone C). It is rich in the presynapses of zone D Johnston’s organ neurons (zone D JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E [FBbt_00100019]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E is a synapse-rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that is continuous with the EA bundle. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone F [FBbt_00049955]

Sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) with a relatively ventral location within the AMMC (Hampel et al., 2020). It is innervated by neurons that elicit antennal grooming (Hampel et al., 2015; Hampel et al., 2020).

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anterior maxillary sensory center [FBbt_00040057]

Region of the adult tritocerebrum that houses the axonal terminals of sensory neurons that enter the brain via the anterior root of the maxillary-labial nerve (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010; Kendroud et al., 2018) including gustatory receptor neurons of labellum sensilla (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). It forms part of the anterior ventral sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018). Three distinct subregions can be identified: a lateral anteriormost zone (AMS1), a lateralmost zone (AMS2) and a medial zone that reaches the midline (AMS3) (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). Carbon-dioxide-sensitive neurons from the medial taste pegs of the labellum (identified in E409-GAL4 and NP107-GAL4) terminate in the AMS1 zone (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010).

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anterior optic tubercle [FBbt_00007059]

Synaptic neuropil domain of the adult protocerebrum that receives extensive arborizations from visual projection neurons from the lobula and the medulla, projecting via the anterior optic tract. It protrudes from the anterior-most area of the ventro-lateral neuropils and is slightly detached from the ventro-lateral protocerebrum. This neuropil is absent from the larval brain, being formed during pupal development. Otsuna and Ito (2006) suggest that the optic tubercle may be divided into three regions according to the density of arborizations. The medial-most (optu1) and lateral-most (optu3) contain dense arborizations of the Lcn10 neurons, whilst the area between these regions (optu2) is essentially devoid of the lobula columnar neurons.

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anterior superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040045]

Anterior subregion of the superior lateral protocerebrum. Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for mslpr in Otsuna and Ito, 2006. There is no prominent natural boundary that clearly separates the posterior and anterior superior lateral protocerebrum. A frontal plane extrapolated from the boundary of the PVLP and PLP, which corresponds to the anterioposterior level of the great commissure, is used as a practical boundary.

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anterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00040062]

Region of the superior medial protocerebrum anterior to the fan-shaped body. Because the fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into the SMP, its superior apex is used as a practical boundary landmark between anterior and posterior superior medial protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040043]

An aglomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP) that protrudes from the anterior brain between the optic lobe and the antennal lobe. It is located in front of the posterior VLP and below the anterior optic tubercle and superior clamp. It receives input from neurons projecting from the optic lobe.

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antler [FBbt_00045039]

Thin, elongated, antler-shaped, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain spanning from the inferior bridge to the inferior edge of the superior lateral protocerebrum. It runs through the space between the protocerebral bridge and the fan-shaped body, along the medial surface of the medial antennal lobe tract. The antler corresponds to part of the medial part of the pimpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the dorsal part of the caudalcentral protocerebrum (CCP) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to part of the posterior inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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asymmetrical body [FBbt_00110172]

Round synaptic neuropil of the central complex, adjacent to the ventralmost layer (1) of the fan-shaped body and dorsal to the noduli, on either side of the midline (Wolff and Rubin, 2018). The right asymmetrical body is, on average, 4x larger (by volume) than the left and some neurons have a bias towards the right hemisphere in their innervation patterns (Pascual et al., 2004; Jenett et al., 2012; Wolff and Rubin, 2018). In a small proportion (7.6%) of wild-type flies, this structure is symmetrical, with prominent (right side-like) innervation in both hemispheres (Pascual et al., 2004). This structure was identified by the expression of the neural protein fasciclin II (FasII) (Pascual et al., 2004). Wolff and Rubin (2018) claim this is a distinct neuropil to the fan-shaped body based on the restriction of neuronal arbors to one or the other.

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bulb [FBbt_00003682]

A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain located lateral to the ellipsoid body and anterior lateral to the fan-shaped body. It contains 80 microglomeruli characterized by their granular texture. It is formed primarily by the collateral arborizations of neuronal fibers that project to the ellipsoid body and by the terminals of the fibers projecting from the anterior optic tubercle and other neuropils. The bulb corresponds to the medial part of the mimpr of Otsuna and Ito, (2006) and to the lateral triangle of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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cantle [FBbt_00045051]

A small, bilaterally paired, triangular synaptic neuropil domain that lies at the posterior end of the saddle. It is clearly demarcated by glial boundaries. The name ‘cantle’ was taken from the seat-back part of the horse-riding saddle. The cantle corresponds to the ventroposterior part of the ventromedial protocerebrum (VMP) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to the posterior periesophageal neuropils (Ito et al., 2014).

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clamp [FBbt_00040047]

Synaptic neuropil domain lying between the fan-shaped body, the protocerebral bridge and mushroom body pedunculus, including the area above and below the pedunculus (the space occupied by the pedunculus forms a deep tunnel-like recess on its inferior lateral side). Few neurons in the clamp penetrate the pedunculus, but some enter the glomerular posterior lateral protocerebrum and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PLP, PVLP), forming a characteristic cylindrical architecture around the pedunculus. Some fibers spanning the superior surface project into the superior arch commissure.

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core layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110203]

Middle layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the inner layer. The larval-born alpha’/beta’ type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The core layer is FasII-negative (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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cryptic tooth of fan-shaped body [FBbt_00049148]

Smallest and most lateral protrusion of layer 1 of the fan-shaped body at its ventral margin (Wolff et al., 2015). There is one per hemisphere and it lies ventral and anterior to its nearest neighbor (Wolff et al., 2015). The ‘cryptic teeth’ that are elusive in that they are not evident in nc82-labeled samples, but only in specimens with the right combination of labeled cells (Wolff et al., 2015).

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distal larval optic neuropil [FBbt_00048290]

Distal region of the larval optic neuropil, closest to the entry point of the Bolwig nerve. It contains the terminals of the Rh6 photoreceptors. The distal LON in Sprecher et al., 2011 (FBrf0215208) also included the intermediate LON; these were separated in Larderet et al., 2017.

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ellipsoid body [FBbt_00003678]

A doughnut shaped synaptic neuropil domain of the central complex of the adult brain that lies just anterior to the fan-shaped body. Its hole (the ellipsoid body canal) points anteriorly and has an axon tract (the anterior bundle) running through it. It is divided into concentric layers and into 16 radial segments, 8 per hemisphere, numbered 1-8 from superior medial to inferior medial (Ito et al., 2014).

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ellipsoid body anterior domain [FBbt_00047034]

Small, most anterior subdivision of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborizations of R5 ring neurons, and no other R-neurons (Omoto et al., 2017; Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘anterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) contains only EBa (Omoto et al., 2018).

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ellipsoid body inner central domain [FBbt_00007553]

Concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body that lies anteriorly in the inner part of the ellipsoid body (Renn et al., 1999; Lin et al., 2013; Omoto et al., 2018). It contains the arborizations of R3a, R3d and R3m ring neurons (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘medial shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) refers to EBic and EBoc (Omoto et al., 2018). Lin et al. (2013) included R2 neuron arborizations in this (EBA) domain, but Renn et al. (1999) and Omoto et al. (2018) assign them to the outer domain (EBoc).

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ellipsoid body inner posterior domain [FBbt_00007555]

Inner concentric subdivision of the posterior part of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborization of R1 ring neurons, which mark the boundary between the inner and outer posterior domains (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘posterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘posterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBop and EBip collectively. The ‘posterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) also refers to EBop and EBip collectively (Omoto et al., 2018).

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ellipsoid body layer [FBbt_00040034]

A concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body resulting from the arborization patterns of the ring neurons (FBbt:00003649). Nomenclature for the layers is not consistent. Layers have been updated to correspond to Omoto et al. (2018), who claim to have a mostly complete map of R-neuron arborizations and provide mappings to previous terminology [FBC:CP].

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ellipsoid body outer central domain [FBbt_00007556]

Outer concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborization of R2, R4d and R4m ring neurons (Renn et al., 1999; Young and Armstrong, 2010; Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘medial shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) refers to EBic and EBoc (Omoto et al., 2018). Lin et al. (2013) do not seem to include R2 neurons in the outer ring (EBO), but they are included by Renn et al. (1999) and by Omoto et al. (2018), who claim that EBO corresponds to EBoc.

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ellipsoid body outer posterior domain [FBbt_00007554]

Concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body that lies posteriorly, distal to the canal (Omoto et al., 2018). It contains the arborization of R6 ring neurons (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘posterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘posterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBop and EBip collectively. The ‘posterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) also refers to EBop and EBip collectively (Omoto et al., 2018). This region was defined (as EBP) by Lin et al. (2013), but no R ring neurons known at the time arborized here.

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ellipsoid body tile [FBbt_00049176]

A radial subdivision of the ellipsoid body (EB) posterior shell (outer and inner posterior domains). There are 8 of these per EB, with the dorsal and ventral tiles spanning both hemispheres (Wolff et al., 2018). Each tile is connected to two protocerebral bridge (PB) glomeruli by each EB tile cell type with glomerular arbors in the PB (Wolff et al., 2015).

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embryonic/larval antennal lobe [FBbt_00007127]

Paired synaptic neuropil domain of the larval deutocerebrum, located ventral to the mushroom body, that is the major target of innervation for axons carried by the antennal nerve. It is also connected to the antero-basal tract (ABT). Its posterior boundary contacts the lateral accessory lobe, ventromedial cerebrum, ventrolateral protocerebrum and periesophageal neuropils. It is the larval counterpart of the adult antennal lobe, and consists of around 22 glomeruli. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval anterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00007065]

A synaptic neuropil subdomain of the larval brain that is located anterior and dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body, and which is separated from the posterior superior medial protocerebrum by a neuropil glial sheath slightly posterior to the vertical lobe of the mushroom body. It is the larval counterpart of the adult anterior superior medial protocerebrum. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval anterior ventromedial cerebrum [FBbt_00007725]

The anterior part of the ventromedial cerebrum (BPM). It abuts the posterior ventromedial cerebrum (VMCp) at the coronal slice level of the Great Commissure, (GC, BLAv1,BLD5; Pereanu et al. 2010). Ventrally, the boundary with the tritocerebrum (centro-medial and dorsal compartments) is defined by a somewhat curved, more or less axial plane defined by the tracts loVL (Balp2/3; Hartenstein et al., 2015) , loVM (Bamv1/2; Hartenstein et al., 2015) and the BAla3 tract (Kumar et al., 2009). Medially, an extension of the centro-medial tritocerebrum is separated from the VMCa by the loVM (BAmv1/2) fascicle and a glial septum (Pereanu et al., 2006); more posteriorly, this boundary continues as a discontinuity in synaptic density (e.g. as assayed using the presynaptic marker bruchpilot). Laterally, the VMCa borders the lateral accessory lobe (LAL), separated by a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the deCP (DALd; posteriorly) and loVM (Bamv1/2; anteriorly) (Pereanu et al., 2006). At a more posterior level, the Ventro Lateral Protocerebrum (VLP) flanks the VMCa laterally, with the boundary along that of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP)-VMCp, i.e. a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the LEFp (CP1v; posteriorly) and the loVL (Balp2/3; anteriorly) fascicles. The medial clamp borders the VMCa dorso-laterally with a virtual axial plane intersecting the MEF (CM1,3,4, medially) and LEFp (CP1v, laterally) fascicles constituting the boundary (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The Crepine borders dorsally, the boundary extending along the DALv2/3 (Hartenstein et al., 2015), DALcl1 and BAmd1v lineage tracts and the commissural fascicle SuEC (DALcl1v; Hartenstein et al., 2015). The lower toe (medial appendix of larval mushroom body) is dorso-medial. A region of low synaptic density separates the VMCa from the primordial fan-shaped body.

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embryonic/larval clamp [FBbt_00111204]

A synaptic neuropil domain of the larval brain located posterior to the medial lobe of the mushroom body. It is separated from the posterior inferior protocerebrum by the antenno-cerebral tract and peduncle. Its axons project mainly into the posterior transverse tract and it receives a branch of the antenno-cerebral tract. It is the larval counterpart of the adult clamp. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval crepine [FBbt_00007118]

Small synaptic neuropil domain of the larval protocerebrum that is located anterior to the medial mushroom body lobe. It contains numerous fine axons which project medially and contribute to the anterior transverse tract (ATT) and the medial cervical tract (MCT). It is the larval counterpart of the adult crepine. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval fan-shaped body - primordial [FBbt_00111207]

The primordium of the adult fan-shaped body in the larval posterior inferior protocerebrum (IPp or CPM). It consists of a bilaterally symmetrical slightly curved, horizontal, bar-shaped structure of tufts of filopodia, with undifferentiated synapses, branching off axon bundles stretching from the midline region posterior and adjacent to the mushroom body medial lobe, to a plexus slightly medial to the peduncle. In the late larval brain both halves are interconnected by a plexus of commissural fibers. It is formed by fan-shaped body pioneer neurons in the embryo/early larva and grows during larval development as it is invaded by secondary neurons (Andrade et al., 2019).

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embryonic/larval lateral accessory lobe [FBbt_00007067]

One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This medially located compartment is posterior to the antennal lobe. It is the larval counterpart of the adult lateral accessory lobe. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval mushroom body [FBbt_00011929]

Mushroom body (MB) of the larva. It only has two lobes, medial and vertical, in contrast to the adult MB, which has five lobes (Lee et al., 1999). Both lobes are composed of gamma neurons, which are the only Kenyon cells (KCs) present in the newly hatched first instar (Kunz et al., 2012). MB neuroblasts continue to produce new KCs throughout the larval stages (Lee et al., 1999). These new KCs form layers in the larval MB peduncle and lobes, with four distinguishable layers present in the third instar (Kurusu et al., 2002). Three types of KCs can be identified in these layers: embryonic-born gamma type (surface layer), larval-born gamma type (outer and inner layers) and larval-born alpha’/beta’ type (core layer) neurons (Kurusu et al., 2002). During the pupal stage, alpha/beta KCs are produced and the larval MB is remodeled into the adult MB (Lee et al., 1999). The four layers in the pedunculus and lobes were identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The surface layer is partially FasII-negative, the outer and inner layers are FasII-positive and the core is FasII-negative (Selcho et al., 2009; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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embryonic/larval nodulus - primordial [FBbt_00007722]

A small primordium in the larval brain that will give rise to the adult noduli. It appears as a ventrally directed process of the lateral primordial fan-shaped body. It is demarcated from the surrounding medial clamp and crepine by different the different concentration of synapses (e.g. as assayed by Bruchpilot expression). It develops from elements of the DPMm1, DPMpm1/2 and CM4 lineages.

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embryonic/larval periesophageal neuropils [FBbt_00007129]

One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This compartment contacts the antennal lobe posteriorly and guides the medial cervical tract (MCT). It is the larval counterpart of the adult periesophageal neuropils. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval posterior inferior protocerebrum [FBbt_00007070]

A synaptic neuropil domain of the larval brain located posterior to the medial lobe of the mushroom body. It is separated from the clamp by the antenno-cerebral tract to which it is connected via a branch. Most of the posterior inferior protocerebrum (CPM domain) is displaced during pupal development. The region at the most posterior edge remains and gives rise to part of the adult posterior inferior protocerebrum. The adult central complex arises from secondary axonal tracts of several lineages that invade the CPM, forming dense layers of neuropil and displacing it. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domain is a PC from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval posterior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00007723]

A synaptic neuropil domain located ventro-postero-laterally in the larval central brain (posterior part of BPL). Anteriorly, the great commissure (BLAv1,BLD5) defines the boundary, in the coronal plane, with the ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP). Dorsally, there is a slim border with the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP). Medially, a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the CP1v tract and the Balp2/3 tract separates the this domain from the ventromedial cerebrum (VMCp). Laterally, a glial septum and BLP1/2 tract separates it from the lobula. The clamp is dorso-medial and laterally, the boundary is a continuation posteriorly of the clamp-VLP border i.e. the virtual plane defined by the LEFp(CP1v) and PLF(CP2/3v) fascicles to LEFa(DALv1) fascicle (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) forms a slim ventral border with the PLP, which is defined by the entry point of the trSI(BLD1-4) fascicle; in addition, a higher synaptic density (e.g. as assayed using the presynaptic marker bruchpilot) demarcates the posterior SLP from the PLP. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domain is a PC from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval posterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00007066]

A synaptic neuropil subdomain of the larval brain that is located posterior and dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body and which is separated from the anterior superior medial protocerebrum by a neuropil glial sheath slightly posterior to the vertical lobe of the mushroom body. Axons from this compartment converge with those from part of the clamp (CPL) to form the posterior transverse tract (PTT). It is the larval counterpart of the adult posterior superior medial protocerebrum. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval posterior ventromedial cerebrum [FBbt_00007724]

The posterior part of the ventromedial cerebrum (BPM). It borders the posterior Inferior Protocerebrum (IPp) dorso-medially, the boundary defined by the DPPT(DPMl1) fascicle and a virtual axial plane drawn from the MEF medially to the medial neuropil edge. The medial clamp is bordered dorso-laterally of the VMCp, the boundary given as a virtual axial plane intersecting the MEF(CM1,3,4, medially) and LEFp(CP1v, laterally) fascicles (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The posterior lateral Protocerebrum (PLP) is lateral, the boundary a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the LEFp (CP1v; posteriorly) and the loVL (Balp2/3; anteriorly) fascicles. The VMCp is posterior of the anterior ventromedial cerebrum (VMCa), the split define by the coronal slice level of the Great Commissure, GC (BLAv1,BLD5).

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embryonic/larval protocerebral bridge - primordial [FBbt_00111206]

The primordium of the adult protocerebral bridge in the larval brain, formed from the DPMm1 and DPMpm1/2 and CM4 lineages. Unlike in the adult, this exists as a bilateral pair of separate domains that do not join across the midline. These domains are tubular shaped regions containing both differentiated and undifferentiated synapses, in the posterior inferior protocerebrum (IPp or CPM). Each domain curls around the dorsal side from the posterior, growing during the larval period towards the midline. Fusion of the two halves, just posterior to the PLPC (DPLp1) commissure and fan-shaped body, only occurs 48h after pupariation.

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 1 [FBbt_00100139]

Chemosensory neuron target area located at the midline of the larval subesophageal ganglion (SOG). This area receives input from pharyngeal chemosensory neurons (the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ, the dorsal pharyngeal organ, and the posterior pharyngeal sense organ) (Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 2 [FBbt_00100140]

Large chemosensory target area located adjacent to area 1 of the larval subesophageal ganglion. This region receives input from the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ, the ventral pharyngeal sense organ, the posterior pharyngeal sense organ, the dorsal pharyngeal organ, the terminal organ, and the ventral pharyngeal sense organ (Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 3 [FBbt_00100141]

Small chemosensory target area located laterally in the larval subesophageal ganglion. This region receives input from non-olfactory neurons of the dorsal organ and from thoracic projections originating in the Kolbchen (also called the ‘ventral pit’; Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 4 [FBbt_00100142]

Large chemosensory target area of the larval subesophageal ganglion, located adjacent to the antennal lobes. One or a few neurites from dorsal pharyngeal sense organ neuron(s), and an atypical dorsal organ neuron whose dendrites extend into the terminal organ, target this region (Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval superior intermediate protocerebrum [FBbt_00007721]

A small synaptic neuropil that has the shape of a hemi-cylinder. It flanks the mushroom body vertical lobe laterally and posteriorly, where it wedges in between superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) and superior medial protocerebrum (SMPp). Its boundary can be followed posteriorly from the SLP-prAOTU boundary (at the DALd lineage entry point), past the distal segment (internal, lateral) curve of the trSA (DPLal1-3) and continuing further posteriorly until the entry point of DPLc. It borders the lateral clamp and (briefly) crepine compartments and (very anteriorly and ventrally) the spur. It is distinguishable from these by its higher density of synapses (e.g. as assayed by Bruchpilot expression).

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embryonic/larval superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00007064]

A thin layer or neuropil of the larval brain that forms during the third instar from a dorsal region of the clamp by growth of a neuropil glial sheath across it. It is the precursor to the adult superior lateral and intermediate protocerebrum and lateral horn domains. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00111203]

A synaptic neuropil domain of the larval brain that is located dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body. It is the larval counterpart of the adult superior medial protocerebrum. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval ventrolateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00007068]

One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This compartment contacts the antennal lobe posteriorly, and is lateral to the lateral accessory lobe and ventromedial cerebrum. It grows anteriorly during larval development. It is the larval counterpart of the adult ventrolateral protocerebrum. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval ventromedial cerebrum [FBbt_00007063]

One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This medially located compartment contacts the antennal lobe posteriorly. The lateral cervical tract ascends through the center of this compartment. It is the larval counterpart of the adult ventromedial neuropils. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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epaulette [FBbt_00040040]

A small, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the ventral complex, lying below the inferior clamp and superior-lateral to the vest. The name is taken from the ornamental shoulder piece of military generals based on its shape and position relative to other sartorially named domains of the ventral complex. The epaulette corresponds to part of the inferior region of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and the part of the precommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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fan-shaped body [FBbt_00003679]

The largest synaptic neuropil domain of the adult central complex, located posterior to the ellipsoid body and anterior to the protocerebral bridge (Hanesch et al., 1989; Wolff et al., 2015). The fan-shaped body is composed of a rough 2-dimensional grid of layers and columns (Hanesch et al., 1998; Wolff et al., 2015; Hulse et al., 2020). Eight horizontal layers, numbered bottom to top, form a fan shape and can be divided into vertical columns (sometimes called staves, slices or segments) (Ito et al., 2014; Wolff et al., 2015). An additional, much narrower, 9th layer, which lacks a columnar organization, sits dorsal to layer 8 (Wolff et al., 2015). The number of columns varies for different neuronal types (Scheffer et al., 2020). Previously thought to be 8 slices per hemisphere numbered from 1-8 medial to lateral - arranged in 4 closely associated pairs (Ito et al., 2014). Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams, 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008). Six to nine layers can be identified, depending on the staining that is used (Hanesch et al., 1989; Young and Armstrong, 2010; Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Lin et al., 2013, Wolff et al., 2015). Recent papers divide the FB into 9 layers (Wolff et al., 2015; Scheffer et al., 2020).

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fan-shaped body layer [FBbt_00040035]

Horizontal, laminar subdivision of the fan-shaped body that results from the stratification of large field neurons. There are 8 layers that run parallel to each other increasing in width dorsally to form a fan shape (Ito et al., 2014). There is additionally a ‘cap’ (layer 9) that sits dorsal to layer 8 and is narrower than the other layers (Wolff et al., 2015). Based on silver staining, Hanesch et al., (1989) claim that there are 6 layers in the fan-shaped body (1-6 from top to bottom). In more recent work using the synaptic marker Nc82, Young and Armstrong (2010) state that there are ‘roughly 8 layers’, but note that ’establishing specific layers clearly’ can often prove difficult. Lin et al. (2013) define 6 layers (a-f, from top to bottom). This ontology currently follows Ito et al. (2014), which divides the fan-shaped body into 8 layers, numbering them from bottom to top. We additionally have the extra dorsal layer (9) defined by Wolff et al., (2015).

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fan-shaped body segment pair W [FBbt_00007494]

Most lateral segment pair of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group W corresponds to A and H in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 7 and 8 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 4 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair X [FBbt_00007495]

Second most lateral segment group of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group X corresponds to B and G in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 5 and 6 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 3 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair Y [FBbt_00007496]

Third segment pair of the fan-shaped body (counting from lateral to medial). Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group Y corresponds to C and F in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 3 and 4 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 2 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair Z [FBbt_00007497]

Medial-most segment pair of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group Z corresponds to D and E in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 1 and 2 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 1 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body slice [FBbt_00040036]

Subdivision of the fan-shaped body along the transverse axis resulting from the arrangement of vertical fibers. Slices are well defined in inferior layers, but are more relaxed in layers 4-8 and are not apparent in layer 9 (Wolff et al., 2015). The number of vertical columns (slices) varies for different types of neuron (Scheffer et al., 2020). Pairs of adjacent segments in the fan-shaped body are closely associated, forming segment pairs that are more easily discernible than individual segments.

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fan-shaped body slice 1 [FBbt_00110642]

Medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008). Lin et al., (2013) names these four groups from 1 to 4, from medial to lateral.

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fan-shaped body slice 2 [FBbt_00110643]

Second medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 3 [FBbt_00110644]

Third medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 4 [FBbt_00110645]

Fourth medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 5 [FBbt_00110646]

Fourth lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 6 [FBbt_00110647]

Third lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 7 [FBbt_00110648]

Second lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 8 [FBbt_00110649]

Lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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flange [FBbt_00045050]

A small, bilaterally paired, triangular synaptic neuropil domain that lies above the anterior end of the saddle, on both sides of the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014). It lies at the root of the median bundle, behind the prow (Ito et al., 2014). It forms the dorsal part of the adult tritocerebrum, developing from the centromedial and dorsal domains of the larval tritocerebrum (Hartenstein et al., 2018). The flange corresponds to the dorsoposterior part of the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to part of the anterior periesophageal neuropils (Ito et al., 2014).

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gall surround [FBbt_00051264]

Poorly defined region surrounding the gall that houses the arbors of some central complex neurons (Wolff et al., 2015; Hulse et al., 2020). Synapses of some neurons in this region have an elongated-bar morphology and contain dense core vesicles, suggestive of neuropeptide or neuromodulator release (Hulse et al., 2020).

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gorget [FBbt_00040039]

A thin plate-like, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that protrudes medially from below the inferior clamp to the area between the great commissure and the central body. Its medial tip extends towards the noduli. The name gorget is taken from the name for a steel collar used to protect one’s throat. The position of the gorget corresponds to the throat if the vest and epaulette are respectively taken to be body and shoulders. The gorget corresponds to part of the inferior region of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the supracommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inferior bridge [FBbt_00040050]

Posterior-most synaptic neuropil domain of the midline. It is the only synaptic neuropil domain outside of the central complex that is fused across the midline. It is located behind the fan-shaped body and below the protocerebral bridge. The IB corresponds to part of the superior spsl of Otsuna and Ito (2006). The IB also corresponds to the ventral part of the caudalcentral protocerebrum (CCP) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to part of the posterior inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inferior clamp [FBbt_00040049]

Inferior (ventral) part of the clamp, between the pedunculus and the central complex. It is located below the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC). Different regions of the ICL correspond to the subdivisions of the impr and vmpr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior ICL match part of impr; the inferior ICL match part of vmpr. The ICL also corresponds to the dorsomedial protocerebrum (DMP) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to the ventral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inferior pharyngeal sensory center [FBbt_00040054]

Region of the subesophageal zone of the adult brain containing terminals of peripheral axons from the inferior branch of the pharyngeal and accessory pharyngeal nerves. Two distinct subregions can be identified: one dorsal to the AMS1 (VPS1) and another medial to AMS1 and dorsal to AMS3 (VPS2).

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inferior posterior slope [FBbt_00045046]

Inferior (ventral) part of the posterior slope. It flanks both sides of the esophagus, and is posterior and medial to the wedge. Below the plane of the inferior VLP commissure and the posterior optic commissure. The IPS corresponds to part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inner layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110202]

Inner layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the outer layer. Part of the larval-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The inner layer is FasII-positive. At the second larval instar, the outer and inner layers are part of the same middle layer (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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intermediate larval optic neuropil [FBbt_00048291]

Intermediate region of the larval optic neuropil, between the distal and proximal LON regions. It contains the terminals of the Rh5 photoreceptors. The distal LON in Sprecher et al., 2011 (FBrf0215208) also included the intermediate LON; these were separated in Larderet et al., 2017.

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intermediate tectulum [FBbt_00047519]

Adult neuropil region spanning the three thoracic neuromeres, ventral to the neck, wing and haltere neuropils of the upper tectulum and dorsal to the lower tectulum (Namiki et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020). It extends from the prothoracic medial ventral association center to the posterior margin of the mesothoracic neuromere at the commissure of fine fibers (Court et al., 2020). Referred to as ’tectulum’ by Namiki et al. (2018), but does not exactly correspond to Power’s (1948) tectulum (FBbt:00007727). Originally named ‘upper tectulum’, as this was the upper of two ’tectulum’ layers in Namiki et al. (2018), but this region is the intermediate layer of Court et al. (2020).

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intermediate toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00047978]

Medialmost part of the larval mushroom body medial lobe, which forms a compartment defined by the innervation pattern of mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBINs and MBONs) (Saumweber et al., 2018). This appears to be within the M1 region described by Pauls et al., 2010. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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labial sensory center [FBbt_00040055]

Region that spans the labial and maxillary neuromeres of the adult brain and contains the terminals of sensory neurons that enter via the posterior and intermediate posterior roots of the maxillary-labial nerve (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010; Kendroud et al., 2018), including some gustatory neurons of the labellum (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). Three distinct subregions can be identified: a posterior zone (LS1), a ventral protrusion on the posterior side of LS1 (LS2) and an anterior medial zone (LS3) (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). It develops from the anterior part of the larval ventromedial sensory center (the posterior part is pinched off and remains in the ventral nerve cord) (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 1a [FBbt_00100416]

Glomerulus 1a is located at the dorsomedial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies dorsomedial to glomerulus 13a, and dorsomedial to glomerulus 74a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or1a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 22c [FBbt_00100398]

Glomerulus 22c is located at the ventrolateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies ventrolateral to glomerulus 24a, and lateral to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or22c (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 24a [FBbt_00100399]

Glomerulus 24a is centrally located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately lateral to glomerulus 42a, dorsomedial to glomerulus 22c, and dorsolateral to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or24a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 33a [FBbt_00100404]

Glomerulus 33a is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), dorsolaterally to glomerulus 59a, dorsal to glomerulus 49a, and anteromedial to glomerulus 63a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or33a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 35a [FBbt_00100409]

Glomerulus 35a is located along the ventromedial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies posterior to glomerulus 42b, and anterior to glomerulus 74a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or35a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 42a [FBbt_00100400]

Glomerulus 42a is centrally located at the medial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately medial to glomerulus 24a, and dorsomedial to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or42a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 42b [FBbt_00100401]

Glomerulus 42b is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), ventromedially to glomerulus 24a, medial to glomerulus 22c, and ventrolateral to glomerulus 42a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or42b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 45b [FBbt_00100402]

Glomerulus 45b is located along the lateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately dorsal to glomerulus 94b, and lateral to glomerulus 33b/47a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or45b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 59a [FBbt_00100407]

Glomerulus 59a is centrally located along the dorsal edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies medial to glomerulus 33a, and lateral to glomerulus 83a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or59a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 63a [FBbt_00100410]

Glomerulus 63a is located at the dorsolateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies dorsolateral to glomerulus 49a and posterolateral to glomerulus 33a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or63a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 67b [FBbt_00100406]

Glomerulus 67b is located along the ventral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately lateral to glomerulus 74a, and medial to glomerulus 30a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or67b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 82a [FBbt_00100413]

Glomerulus 82a is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), dorsomedially to glomerulus 30a, lateral to glomerulus 45a, and dorsolateral to glomerulus 67b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or82a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 85c [FBbt_00100440]

Glomerulus 85c is located in the middle layer of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies lateral to glomerulus 42a and posteromedial to glomerulus 24a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or85c (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 94b [FBbt_00100403]

Glomerulus 94b is located along the lateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately ventral to glomerulus 45b, and lateral to glomerulus 33b/47a. It is innervated by axons from larval olfactory receptor neuron Or94b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval anterior central sensory compartment [FBbt_00051407]

Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that is found mainly within the dorsal part of the ventromedial neuropil domain of the tritocerebrum and mandibular neuromere (Kendroud et al., 2018). It contains sensory afferents of neurons from the pharyngeal and maxillary-labial nerves (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018). AC of Miroschnikow et al. (2018) and ACSC of Kendroud et al. (2018) refer to approximately the same anatomy, but boundaries may not precisely correspond - see author response of Miroschnikow et al. (2018). Notably ACpl was not identified by Kendroud et al. (2018) (Miroschnikow et al., 2018).

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larval anterior central sensory compartment anterior lateral region [FBbt_00048495]

Small region of the larval anterior central sensory compartment that is just posterior to the antennal lobe (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of neurons from the dorsal organ ganglion that enter the CNS via the antennal-pharyngeal nerve (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). ACSCal of Kendroud et al. (2018) - FBrf0237251 is larger, extends further medially and contains many DPS neuron terminals. This region, defined by Miroschnikow et al. (2018) contains only external (DOG) neuron terminals. The DPS neuron terminals of Kendroud et al. (2018) are probably part of the posterior region (as defined by Miroschnikow et al., 2018), which extends further anteriorly along the lateral border of the anterior medial region, compared to the posterior region of Kendroud et al. (2018), and consists of external and pharyngeal neuron terminals.

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larval anterior central sensory compartment anterior medial region [FBbt_00048492]

Anterior medial region of the larval anterior central sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of sensory neurons from the enteric nervous system that enter the CNS via the medial root of the antennal-pharyngeal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018).

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larval anterior central sensory compartment posterior lateral region [FBbt_00048497]

Region of the larval anterior central sensory compartment that is lateral to the posterior region (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of sensory neurons that enter the CNS via the antennal and maxillary nerves (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). Identified based on synaptic clustering of sensory neurons in a first instar EM volume (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). This region was not identified by Kendroud et al. (2018) - FBrf0237251 (Miroschnikow et al., 2018).

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larval anterior central sensory compartment posterior region [FBbt_00048496]

Relatively large region of the larval anterior central sensory compartment, found between the anterior medial and posterior lateral regions (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of sensory neurons that enter the CNS via the antennal and maxillary nerves (Miroschnikow et al., 2018). ACSCp of Kendroud et al. (2018) - FBrf0237251 is smaller and does not extend as far anteriorly as this region, defined by Miroschnikow et al. (2018). The DPS neuron terminals in the ACSCal of Kendroud et al. (2018) are probably part of the this region.

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larval anterior ventral sensory compartment [FBbt_00051408]

Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that is found mainly within a superficial (ventral) region of the ventromedial neuropil domain of the tritocerebrum and mandibular neuromere (Kendroud et al., 2018). It contains sensory afferents of neurons from the pharyngeal and maxillary-labial nerves (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018). AV of Miroschnikow et al. (2018) and AVSC of Kendroud et al. (2018) refer to approximately the same anatomy, but boundaries may not precisely correspond - see author response of Miroschnikow et al. (2018).

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larval anterior ventral sensory compartment anterior region [FBbt_00048493]

Anterior region of the larval anterior ventral sensory compartment. It contains the terminals of enteric neurons from the frontal connective that enter via the medial root of the pharyngeal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018). It is also contributed to by neurons of the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ that follow the anterior root of the pharyngeal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018).

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larval anterior ventral sensory compartment posterior region [FBbt_00048494]

Posterior region of the larval anterior ventral sensory compartment. It is formed by superficial branches of the anterior and intermediate maxillary-labial nerve roots (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018).

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larval central sensory compartment [FBbt_00051404]

Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that is found mainly within the central neuropil domain (Kendroud et al., 2018). In the anterior prothoracic neuromere, it narrows to a thin bundle, but continues to extend anteriorly through the gnathal neuromeres (Kendroud et al., 2018). Anteriorly, in the tritocerebrum, it contains the projections of a small bundle of axons from the antennal nerve, foreshadowing the position of the adult antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Kendroud et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of chordotonal organ neurons (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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larval dorsomedial sensory compartment [FBbt_00051406]

Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that is found mainly within the dorsomedial neuropil domain (Kendroud et al., 2018). In the anterior prothoracic neuromere, it narrows to a thin bundle that continues to extend anteriorly through the gnathal neuromeres, but does not appear to receive any projections from sensory neurons of the maxillary-labial nerve or antennal-pharyngeal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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larval MB calyx glomerulus D5 [FBbt_00007204]

A larval mushroom body calyx glomerulus that is usually located dorsomedially, anteromedial to the larval mushroom body calyx D3. It is not always distinct from glomerulus D4 (FBbt:00007212). Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2005 mentions that D5 is not always distinct from D4. Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009 treats them as the same glomerulus. So, there may be a good case for merging these two terms.

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larval optic focus [FBbt_00007131]

A synaptic neuropil domain of the larval brain formed during larval stages by axons originating from the lobula primordium in the optic lobe and dorso-lateral protocerebrum. These axons form terminal branches lateral to the borders of the centro-posterior lateral and baso-lateral compartments which then become enclosed by a glial sheath, forming this compartment.

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larval optic neuropil [FBbt_00048289]

Small neuropil compartment of the larval optic lobe that contains the axons of photoreceptors. It is the first center for visual processing in the larval brain. It is largely surrounded by the outer optic anlage at earlier developmental stages and becomes sandwiched between the developing proximal medulla and the inner optic anlage by third instar. It is incorporated into the adult optic lobe as the accessory medulla.

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larval ventromedial sensory compartment [FBbt_00048498]

Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that extends from the maxillary neuromere into the ventral nerve cord, largely overlapping the ventromedial neuropil domain (Kendroud et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of sensory neurons that enter the CNS via the antennal-pharyngeal, maxillary-labial, prothoracic accessory and lateropharyngeal nerves (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018). VM of Miroschnikow et al. (2018) and VMSC of Kendroud et al. (2018) refer to approximately the same anatomy, but boundaries may not precisely correspond - see author response of Miroschnikow et al. (2018).

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LC11 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00051204]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 11 neurons (Wu et al., 2016; Keles and Frye, 2017). It is found in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). LC11 neuron terminals are distributed throughout the glomerulus, rather than having a retinotopic organization (Keles and Frye, 2017).

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LC13 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052659]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 13 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is a large glomerulus, found in the posterior part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC17 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052660]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 17 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the lateral, ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not have a retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC20 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052662]

Small optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 20 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). There is no retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023). Seems to be entirely within PLP based on hemibrain data.

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LC22 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052658]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 22 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It also houses the terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 4 neurons (Panser et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the medial part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior to LPLC1 but anterior to LC13 and LC20 (Wu et al., 2016). LC22 and LPLC4 axon terminals retain a rough anterior-posterior topography (Dombrovski et al., 2023). Colocalization of LC22 and LPLC4 terminals also apparent in neuprint hemibrain v1.2.1 data - cp231016.

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LC24 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052661]

Small optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 24 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the dorsal part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not have a retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC4 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052655]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 4 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the ventral medial part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum ventral to the LPLC1 and LPLC2 glomeruli (Wu et al., 2016). LC4 axon terminals retain anterior-posterior topography in this glomerulus (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC6 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00049981]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 6 neurons (Wu et al., 2016; Morimoto et al., 2020). It is found in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display clear retinotopic organization and cannot be divided into subregions based on the arborization of innervating neurons (Morimoto et al., 2020).

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LC9 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052654]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 9 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the dorsal anterior part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum medial to the LC6 glomerulus (Wu et al., 2016). LC9 axon terminals retain rough anterior-posterior topography in this glomerulus (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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lobe system of adult mushroom body [FBbt_00013688]

The adult mushroom body lobe system consists of a dorsal branch composed of two intertwined lobes (alpha and alpha’) and a medial branch consisting of three parallel lobes (beta, beta’ and gamma) (Aso et al., 2014). The lobes can be divided into layers, which form strata spanning the length of each lobe, and slices, which are full width subdivisions of the length of each lobe (Aso et al., 2014).

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lobe system of larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110641]

The larval mushroom body lobe system consists of a dorsal branch and a medial branch (Pauls et al., 2010). At third instar, both lobes comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha’/beta’ neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).

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lobula layer 4 [FBbt_00003856]

Layer of the lobula that is fourth-most from the second optic chiasm. It contains the terminals of the translobula plate Tlp 2, 3, 4 and 5 neurons. Fischbach and Dittrich, (1989), comment that lobula layer 4 could potentially be further subdivided based on the stratified arborizations of the Tlp neurons.

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lobula plate layer 3 [FBbt_00003888]

Layer of the lobula plate that is third-most from the second optic chiasm. The terminals of the T neuron T5c arborize in this layer. It contains terminals of neurons that are sensitive to upwards motion. The vertical system neuron synaptic terminals were identified by Bodian-Protargol staining and Golgi-silver impregnations in sections (Rajashekhar and Shamprasad, 2004).

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lobula plate layer 4 [FBbt_00003889]

Layer of the lobula plate that is the most distant from the second optic chiasm. The terminals of the T neuron T5d, the T neuron T4d, and most of the vertical system neurons terminate in this layer. It contains terminals of neurons that are sensitive to downwards motion. The vertical system neuron synaptic terminals were identified by Bodian-Protargol staining and Golgi-silver impregnations in sections (Rajashekhar and Shamprasad, 2004).

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lower tectulum [FBbt_00047174]

Ventralmost layer of the tectulum that extends posteriorly from the prothoracic medial ventral association center to the posterior margin of the mesothoracic neuromere at the commissure of fine fibers (Court et al., 2020). It is bordered ventrally by the ventral median tract of ventral cervical fasciculus and laterally by the dorsal lateral tract of ventral cervical fasciculus (Court et al., 2020). The neuropil referred to as ovoid in Namiki et al. (2018) supplementary file 1 has an identical innervation profile to lower tectulum in Figure 5, so I have added this as a synonym [FBC:CP].

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lower toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00110191]

Axonal side branch in the medial region of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, near the end of the lobe. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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LPLC1 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052657]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 1 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It the most posterior glomerulus in the ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, close to the boundary with the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It retains rough anterior-posterior organization of LPLC1 axon terminals (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LPLC2 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052656]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 2 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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M1 segment of the larval medial lobe [FBbt_00110195]

Medial segment of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, medial to M2. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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M2 segment of the larval medial lobe [FBbt_00110196]

Lateral segment of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, lateral to M1. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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medial lobe of larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110188]

The medial lobe of the larval mushroom body. It is associated with appetitive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020). At third instar, the medial lobe comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha’/beta’ neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).

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medulla layer M1 [FBbt_00003750]

Distal-most layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L1 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M2 [FBbt_00003751]

Second most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M3 [FBbt_00003752]

Third most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the proximal border of the lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization to that of the lamina neuron L3 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M4 [FBbt_00003753]

Fourth most lateral layer of the medulla. It corresponds to the narrow layer between the proximal end of lamina neuron L3 and the distal border of lamina neuron L1’s proximal arborization (Takemura et al., 2008). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. We use the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M5 [FBbt_00003754]

Fifth most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the lamina neuron L1’s proximal arborization and contains the proximal lamina neuron L5 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M6 [FBbt_00003755]

Sixth most lateral layer of the medulla, immediately lateral to the serpentine layer. It lies between the lamina neuron L1’s arborization and the serpentine layer (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M3A [FBbt_00111267]

Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M2. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm3 neurons. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M3B [FBbt_00111268]

Proximal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M3A. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm12 and Dm20 neurons. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M6A [FBbt_00111269]

Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M6, proximal to layer M5. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm8 neurons proximally. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and lateral-medial (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, respectively, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M6B [FBbt_00111270]

Proximal sublayer of the medulla layer M6, proximal to layer M6A and distal to the serpentine layer (M7). It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm2 neurons proximally. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and lateral-medial (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, respectively, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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mushroom body [FBbt_00005801]

Bilaterally paired neuropil structure situated postero-dorsally in the protocerebrum that functions in olfactory associative learning and memory. The mushroom body is divided into: the calyx, which is closest to the cortex and receives sensory interneuron afferents; the pedunculus, which is a thick axon bundle extending from the calyx to the base of the lobes; and the mushroom body lobe system, which consists of a vertical branch and a medial branch, which have different structures at different life stages (Lee et al., 1999; Ito et al., 2014). This term as defined in Ito et al. (2014) corresponds to both the mushroom body (MB) and calyx (Cal) of Chiang et al., (2011).

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mushroom body alpha\' anterior-posterior layer [FBbt_00100266]

Anterior-most layer of the mushroom body alpha’ lobe. This layer was originally defined as two different regions, anterior and posterior (Tanaka et al., 2008). It was later recognized that the same Kenyon cells innervate both parts of the layer, meaning it can be considered as one (anterior-posterior) layer (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body anterior-posterior layer of beta' lobe slice 2 [FBbt_00047078]

A subdomain of the adult mushroom body beta’ lobe where slice 2 intersects with the anterior-posterior layer (Aso et al., 2014). This compartment can be further subdivided into anterior and posterior regions that contain distinct MBON dendrites (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body beta\' anterior-posterior layer [FBbt_00100269]

Anterior-most layer of the mushroom body beta’ lobe. This layer was originally defined as two different regions, anterior and posterior (Tanaka et al., 2008). It was later recognized that the same Kenyon cells innervate both parts of the layer, meaning it can be considered as one (anterior-posterior) layer (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body calyx [FBbt_00003685]

A synaptic neuropil domain containing dendrites of Kenyon cells and receiving sensory interneuron afferents, mainly from the antennal lobes (Ito et al., 2014; Saumweber et al., 2018). It is located on the posterior side of the brain, close to the cortex where the cell bodies of the Kenyon cells are located (Lee et al., 1999; Saumweber et al., 2018). The peduncle extends anteriorly from the calyx to the base of the lobes (Ito et al., 2014; Saumweber et al., 2018).

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mushroom body slice [FBbt_00047310]

Division of a mushroom body lobe along the length of the mushroom body lobe system (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices of the horizontal lobe are regions along the horizontal axis and slices of the vertical lobe are regions along the vertical axis (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices are defined by the innervation patterns of input and output neurons (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014).

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nodulus [FBbt_00003680]

Paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult brain located just caudal to the ellipsoid body and ventral to the fan-shaped body, on either side of the midline (Hanesch et al., 1989). There are three of these structures, stacked on top of each other from dorsal to ventral, and at least two can be further divided into compartments (Wolff et al., 2015; Wolff and Rubin, 2018). There is asymmetry between the noduli, with one set always lying slightly more anterior than the other (Ito et al., 2014). Ito et al. (2014) state that there are four subunits of one nodulus per hemisphere, but Wolff et al. (2015) and Wolff and Rubin (2018) class the noduli as three distinct units and count ‘subunit IV’ as part of nodulus 3; here we follow the Wolff nomenclature.

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outer layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110201]

Outer layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the surface layer. Part of the larval-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The outer layer is FasII-positive, and displays the strongest labelling. At the second larval instar, the outer and inner layers are part of the same middle layer (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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pedunculus divide of adult mushroom body [FBbt_00045009]

The anterior end of the pedunculus of the adult mushroom body, where the Kenyon cell fibers bifurcate to project to the vertical and medial lobes. Considering that the Kenyon cell fiber projecting from the calyx divide rather than meet at this point, the term ‘pedunculus junction’ is somewhat misleading. Similarly, to prevent ambiguity, the terms ‘heel’ and ‘knee’ have been avoided as they are also used for referring to the mushroom body spur.

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periesophageal neuropils [FBbt_00045047]

Group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located between the antennal lobe/ventromedial neuropils and above the gnathal ganglia. In addition, it includes one synaptic domain that is part of the ventral cerebral ganglion-the prow. Despite the name, it is intended as a singular noun as in “The United States”.

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posterior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040044]

A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult that contains many glomeruli and is located behind the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP) and above the wedge. The mid-level of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) is separated from the PVLP by the great commissure, but above and below this the two neuropils are contiguous. The PLP houses many optic glomeruli formed by the terminals of neurons projecting from the optic lobe, primarily from the lobula plate. The boundary with the PVLP is defined by the boundary between these glomeruli that have different origins (lobula or lobula plate). The PLP corresponds to almost all of the plpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the caudal ventrolateral protocerebrum (CVLP) and lateral part of the superpeduncular protocerebrum (SPP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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posterior maxillary sensory center [FBbt_00040056]

Region spanning the adult tritocerebrum and mandibular neuromere that contains terminals of sensory neurons that enter the brain via the anterior intermediate root of the maxillary-labial nerve and the anterior and medial roots of the pharyngeal nerve (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). Five distinct subregions can be identified: a horn-like protrusion in the dorsolateral GNG (PMS1), a dorsal medial region (PMS2), a ventral medial region (PMS3), a zone near the entry point of the labial nerve (PMS4) and a zone ventral to PSM3 (PSM5) (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010). It arises from the larval anterior central sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018). Bitter-sensitive neurons of the labellum sensilla (identified with Gr32a-, Gr66a- and NV4-GAL4) terminate in PMS1-3 zones. Subsets of Gr66a-GAL4 positive neurons terminated in specific subareas of these zones. Water-sensitive neurons (identified with NP1017-GAL4) and sugar-sensitive neurons (identified with Gr5a-GAL4) terminate in PMS4-5 zones (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010).

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posterior slope [FBbt_00040072]

Synaptic neuropil domain of the adult brain that is the inferior (ventral) part of the posterior cerebral ganglion, covering the area between the inferior bridge and the gnathal ganglion with its superior part lying behind the ventral complex. It contains extensive arborizations of ascending and descending neurons. Its superior boundary is the level above which such arborizations do not occur. It also contains the terminals of axons from the ocellar ganglia, projecting via the ocellar nerve. The ventral complex corresponds to the caudal medial protocerebrum (CMP) and possibly includes part of the ventromedial protocerebrum (VMP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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posterior superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040046]

Posterior subregion of the superior lateral protocerebrum. Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for pslpr in Otsuna and Ito, (2006). There is no prominent natural boundary that clearly separates the posterior and anterior superior lateral protocerebrum. A frontal plane extrapolated from the boundary of the PVLP and PLP, which corresponds to the anterioposterior level of the great commissure, is used as a practical boundary.

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posterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00040063]

Region of the superior medial protocerebrum posterior to the fan-shaped body. Because the fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into the SMP, its superior apex is used as a practical boundary landmark between anterior and posterior superior medial protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040042]

A glomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain lying in front of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP), and above the wedge. The great commissure is at the boundary in the mid-level between the PLVP and PLP. It is contiguous with posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP), which lies behind it. It houses many optic glomeruli formed by the terminals of neurons projecting from the optic lobe, primarily from the lobula. The boundary with the PLP, except at mid-level, is defined as the boundary between these glomeruli with different origins (lobula or lobula plate).

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protocerebral bridge [FBbt_00003668]

A handle bar-shaped synaptic neuropil located just posterior to the fan-shaped body. Its lateral edge ends at the posterior end of the inferior clamp (ICL) near the medial equatorial fascicle (MEF). A row of 18 connected slices (9 on each side of the midline, numbered 1-9 from medial to lateral) that forms a dorso-posteriorly located part of the central complex embedded in the cortex between the calyces of the two mushroom bodies. The identification of the most medial slice (slice 1) by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Each of the two neighboring slices (2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9) are associated more closely because small-field columnar neurons innervate the fan-shaped body via the protocerebral bridge, and these neurons are generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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protocerebral bridge glomerulus [FBbt_00003669]

One of the 18 slices that make up the adult protocerebral bridge, 9 on each side of the midline, numbered 1-9 from medial to lateral. The identification of the most medial slice (slice 1) by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Author mentions of 8 slices in the protocerebral bridge indicates that they are using the old nomenclature. Each of the two neighboring slices (2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9) are associated more closely because small-field columnar neurons innervate the fan-shaped body via the protocerebral bridge, and these neurons are generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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protocerebral bridge glomerulus 1 [FBbt_00111511]

The most medial slice of the protocerebral bridge of the adult brain. It is the smallest of the slices. The identification of this slice by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Author mentions of 8 slices in the protocerebral bridge indicates that they are using the old nomenclature.

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prow [FBbt_00040051]

Anteriormost and superior synaptic neuropil domain below the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014). It lies inferior and anterior to the opening of the esophageal foramen (Ito et al., 2014). It houses the superior pharyngeal sensory center (SPhS), containing the terminals of peripheral axons from the pharyngeal nerve (Ito et al., 2014). It forms the ventral part of the tritocerebrum, developing from the ventromedial domain of the larval tritocerebrum (Hartenstein et al., 2018). The name ‘prow’ was taken from the anterior-most part of the hull of a boat. It is part of the ventral cerebral ganglion, which is included in the adult subesophageal zone (old subesophageal ganglion, or SOG) (Ito et al., 2014). The prow also corresponds to the dorsoanterior part of the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to the part of the anterior periesophageal neuropils (Ito et al., 2014).

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rubus [FBbt_00040038]

The rubus is a small subregion that is embedded in the crepine, lying behind the mushroom body medial lobe. It consists of a small rough-surfaced mostly round structure. Fibers from the central complex form specific output terminals in this subregion, an project further towards the gall. The rubus is distinct from the round body (Wolff and Rubin, 2018).

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saddle [FBbt_00045048]

Synaptic neuropil domain covering the dorsal and posterior surface of the adult gnathal ganglia. It contains the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The saddle corresponds to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to the lateral and ventromedial periesophageal neuropils (Ito et al., 2014).

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small unit of anterior optic tubercle [FBbt_00051217]

Region of the adult anterior optic tubercle that receives input from neurons that project from the medulla (Timaeus et al., 2020). It can be further subdivided based on the innervation patterns of medulla-tubercle and tubercle-bulb neurons (Timaeus et al., 2020).

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subregion FDA of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049960]

Dorsoanterior subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). This region is formed by neurites that run adjacent to the JO-EVM neurons (Hampel et al., 2020).

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subregion FDL of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049962]

Dorsolateral subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). It is a relatively small, anterior-protruding subregion, lateral and slightly ventral to FDA (Hampel et al., 2020).

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subregion FDP of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049961]

Dorsoposterior subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). It is formed by a posterior branch of JO-F neurons that projects adjacent to the JO-EVP neurons (Hampel et al., 2020).

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superior clamp [FBbt_00040048]

Superior (dorsal) part of the clamp, above the dorsal surface of the mushroom body pedunculus and in front of the mushroom body calyx. It is located above the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC). Different regions of the SCL correspond to the subdivisions of the ilpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the lateral SCL match part of ilpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the medial SCL match part of impr. The SCL also corresponds to the medial part of the superpeduncular protocerebrum (SPP) of Chiang et al., (2011), and to the medial and lateral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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superior intermediate protocerebrum [FBbt_00045032]

A small synaptic neuropil domain of the adult located around and posterior to the mushroom body vertical lobe, in front of the superior fiber system and above the superior clamp. This domain is rich in loose fibers that project from the anterior optic tubercle in a medial-posterior direction. It also houses the arborizations of many neurons that connect with the vertical lobes. The SIP encompasses the ring neuropil, which corresponds to the terminals of the mlALT neurons, which wrap around the distal tip region of the mushroom body vertical lobe (Ito et al., 2014). Different regions of the SIP correspond to the subdivisions of the smpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior SIP match part of smpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the inferior SIP match part of impr (Ito et al., 2014). The SIP correspond to the medial part of the dorsolateral protocerebrum (DLP) and the frontal superpeduncular protocerebrum (FSPP) of Chiang et al., (2011).

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superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00007054]

Lateral synaptic neuropil domain of the adult superior neuropils. It lies behind the anterior optic tubercle, in front of the mushroom body calyx and above the superior clamp and lateral horn. Its boundary with the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU), mushroom body calyx and lateral horn is demarcated by the extent of arborization of visual projection neurons and antennal lobe projection neurons. Boundaries with the superior clamp, anterior and posterior ventro-lateral protocerebrum are defined using clearly distinguishable fiber bundles. Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for slpr in Otsuna and Ito, 2006. The anterior superior SLP corresponds to mslpr and the posterior superior SLP to pslpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006). The SLP also corresponds to the lateral part of the dorsolateral protocerebrum (DLP) and lateral part of the inner dorsolateral protocerebrum (IDLP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00007055]

Medial synaptic neuropil domain of the adult superior neuropils that lies above the area flanked by the mushroom lobes, pedunculus, and calyx. It is separated from the pedunculus by the superior clamp and insulated from the medial lobe by the crepine. The fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into this neuropil, separating it into anterior (ASMP) and posterior (PSMP) regions. Different regions of the SMP correspond to the subdivisions of the smpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior SMP match part of smpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the inferior SMP match part of impr. The SMP also corresponds to the superior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (SDFP) and to the medial part of the inner dorsolateral protocerebrum (IDLP) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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superior neuropils [FBbt_00045030]

A block of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain arranged in a layer covering the superior (dorsal) surface of the brain. In encompasses the superior intermediate, superior lateral and superior medial protocerebrum. Despite the name, intended as a singular noun as in ‘The United States’.

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superior posterior slope [FBbt_00045040]

Superior (dorsal) part of the posterior slope. It lies behind the great commissure, gorget and vest and below the inferior clamp and inferior bridge. It has no clear glial boundary with the surrounding neuropils. The SPS corresponds to part of the superior part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the dorsal postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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surface layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110200]

Surface layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. The embryonic-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The surface layer is partially FasII-negative (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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taste-sensory region glomerulus [FBbt_00004014]

Glomerular region in the adult subesophageal zone which contains the terminals of labial sensory neurons. There are 4 distinct regions, three of them present in both hemispheres. Must be part of the labellar gustatory association center, due to presence of labial sensory neuron terminals. These regions are identified in preparations treated with diamino-benzidine (DAB) (Shanbhag and Singh, 1992).

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tectulum [FBbt_00007727]

The tectulum is a distinct subdivision of the thoracic regions of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) (Power, 1948). The region forms a saddle-like structure located dorsally, primarily over the accessory mesothoracic neuropil, spanning the mesothoracic neuromere (MesoNm), and extending into the posteriormost region of the prothoracic neuromere (ProNm) and the anteriormost region of the metathoracic neuromere (MetaNm) (Power, 1948). Its internal boundaries within the VNC can be defined as the dorsal region of the neuropil posterior to the ventral ellipse in the ProNm, but dorsal to the bundles from 12B, 6B, 23 17, 18B in the MesoNm (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). It extends posteriorly through the MesoNm to the entry point of hemilineage 3A in the MetaNm (Shepherd et al., 2016). It is stratified into the upper, intermediate and lower tectulum (Namiki et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020).

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thoracic intermediate neuropil [FBbt_00049995]

Region of adult leg neuropil between the ventral association center and the tectulum that occupies most of the central third of the dorsoventral area (in transverse section) of each thoracic neuromere (Court et al., 2020). It contains the dendritic branches of leg motor neurons, premotor interneurons and sensory afferents from leg sensory neurons (Court et al., 2020).

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tooth of fan-shaped body [FBbt_00049146]

Protrusion of layer 1 of the fan-shaped body at its ventral margin (Wolff et al., 2015). There are seven distinct teeth resembling cogs, plus an additional two ‘cryptic teeth’, making a total of nine teeth (Wolff et al., 2015). The central tooth is most posterior, spanning both hemispheres, and it is flanked on each side by three prominent and increasingly anterior teeth (Wolff et al., 2015). The most lateral (cryptic) tooth in each hemisphere is the smallest and lies ventral and anterior to its nearest neighbor (Wolff et al., 2015). Each tooth corresponds to one of the nine columns defined by columnar neurons innervating the protocerebral bridge and fan-shaped body (Hulse et al., 2020). The ‘cryptic teeth’ that are elusive in that they are not evident in nc82-labeled samples, but only in specimens with the right combination of labeled cells (Wolff et al., 2015).

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upper tectulum [FBbt_00049994]

Dorsalmost layer of the tectulum that sits dorsal to the dorsal medial tract and haltere tract (Court et al., 2020). The upper tectulum can be further segregated on the basis of the synapse rich neuropil regions into three segment-specific neuropils; a prothoracic neck neuropil, a mesothoracic wing neuropil and a metathoracic haltere neuropil (Court et al., 2020).

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upper toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00047979]

Dorsal lobe of the medial part of the larval mushroom body medial lobe, which forms a compartment defined by the innervation pattern of mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBINs and MBONs) (Saumweber et al., 2018). This appears to be within the M1 region described by Pauls et al., 2010. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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V1 segment of the vertical lobe [FBbt_00110199]

Ventral-most segment of the vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body, ventral to V2. It is associated with aversive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020). Unclear how well upper, intermediate, lower terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to V3, V2, V1 from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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V2 segment of the vertical lobe [FBbt_00110198]

Medial segment of the vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body, ventral to V3 and dorsal to V1. It is associated with aversive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020). Unclear how well upper, intermediate, lower terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to V3, V2, V1 from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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ventral complex [FBbt_00040071]

A group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located below (ventral to) the central complex, behind the lateral accessory lobes and in front of the great commissure. In includes the vest, epaulette and gorget. The ventral complex corresponds to part of the inferior part of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to most of the ventromedial protocerebrum (VMP) and proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAN) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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ventrolateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00007058]

A large mass of synaptic neuropil domains in the anterior brain of the adult, between the antennal lobe and the optic lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It can be divided into an anterior and posterior regions (AVLP and PVLP) (Ito et al., 2014). Currently some uncertainty about whether this is truly protocerebral - may actually be part of deutocerebrum (Strausfeld has characterized it as such). This should be clarified as a result of Volker Hartenstein’s lineage mapping work. The VLP corresponds to almost all of the vlpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP) and optic glomerulus (OG) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).

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ventromedial neuropils [FBbt_00040002]

A group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located above or and lateral to the esophagus, below the mushroom body calyx and inferior neuropils, behind the lateral accessory lobe and medial to the ventrolateral neuropils. Despite the name, intended as a singular noun as in “The United States”.

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vertical lobe of larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110189]

The vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body (Pauls et al., 2010). At third instar, the vertical lobe comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha’/beta’ neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).

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vest [FBbt_00040041]

Bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that is the largest and most medial domain of the ventral complex. Its inferior (ventral) boundary with the saddle is demarcated by a glial sheath and the medial and lateral sides are flanked respectively by the esophagus and inferior fiber system. The vest corresponds to part of the inferior region of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and the part of the precommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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wedge [FBbt_00045027]

An aglomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that is the inferior-most domain of the ventrolateral neuropils, lying between the anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP and PVLP) and posteriorlateral protocerebrum (PLP), and the saddle and gnathal ganglion. The wedge is lateral to the inferior fiber system and vest. It receives synaptic input from the saddle and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) within it. This includes direct sensory input from antennal mechanosensory neurons that also innervate the AMMC. The anterior wedge corresponds to the inferior part of the vlpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006); the posterior wedge corresponds to part of the plpr (Ito et al., 2014).

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