A large subperineural glial cell of the embryo or larva that lies anterior to the anterior segment border and anterior commissure and medial to the longitudinal connective in each abdominal and thoracic neuromere, (Klambt and Goodman, 1991; Ito et al., 1995). It sends a process to the dorsoventral channel (Ito et al., 1995). These cells have different neuroblasts of origin in different neuromeres (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Any A-subperineurial glial cell (FBbt:00001259) that is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091) and is part of some larval gnathal ganglion (FBbt:00100138).
Any A-subperineurial glial cell (FBbt:00001259) that is part of some embryonic/larval brain (FBbt:00001920) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
A-subperineurial glial cell located in the abdominal hemineuromeres. It lies at 20-30% along the medio-lateral axis. It develops from neuroblast NB1-1 of the abdomen (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 1.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 2.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 3.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 4.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 5.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 6.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 7.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 8.
A-subperineurial glial cell of optic lobe of the larva.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in thoracic segment 1.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in thoracic segment 2.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in thoracic segment 3.
A-subperineurial glial cell located in a thoracic segment. It develops from neuroblast NB2-2 of the thorax (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Medial-most cell body glia of the embryonic/larval abdominal hemineuromere. There is only one of these per hemineuromere in the first instar (Ito et al., 1995). The medial-most cell body glial cells are likely the VUM-support cells described by Klambt and Goodman (1991), and Menne and Klambt (1994).
Adult astrocyte-like glial cell that projects into the antennal lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). Each cell can invade multiple glomeruli and there is no difference in glial extension density between different glomeruli (Kremer et al., 2017). Cells might additionally branch into other neuropil domains.
Glial cell that is found in the cell body rind of the adult antennal lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells enclose the cell bodies of local and projection neurons of the antennal lobe (Kremer et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell that forms part of the glial sheath of the antennal lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form a nearly contiguous sheet at the surface of the antennal lobe, with small holes that may be neuronal entry points (Kremer et al., 2017). They send extensions between glomeruli, following neuronal processes (Kremer et al., 2017).
Neuropil associated glial cell of the adult central nervous system that has a dendritic morphology and elaborates inside the associated synaptic neuropil (Awasaki et al., 2008). Their nuclei are found at synaptic neuropil surfaces and they extend branched filiform or lamelliform processes that pervade the neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the brain. They have multiple lamelliform processes that intercalate in between neurons and wrap neuronal cell bodies (Hartenstein, 2011). They also wrap neuronal processes as they travel across the cell body rind (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that is part of the glial sheath surrounding the neuropil of the adult brain.
Small, oblong-shaped glial cell that is part of the (outer) perineurial sheath layer on the surface of the adult brain. It is located on top of the basal glial cell layer that is composed of the subperineurial glial cells. The perineurial glial cells develop post-embryonically, in a non-GCM manner, and are thus likely to function only in the blood-brain-barrier of the adult (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010).
Glial cell of the subperineurial glial sheath in the adult brain. These cells are fairly uniform in morphology across the brain, having a large, square and thin shape, giving them a sheet-like appearance (Awasaki et al., 2008, Kremer et al., 2017). Some also have circular protrusions that cap neuronal cell bodies not fully enclosed by cell body glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that is associated with the surface of the adult brain.
Large glial cell of the adult optic lobe. The larval carpet glial cell migrates inwards during pupal development and its nucleus comes to rest beneath the lamina, proximal to the marginal glial cells (Edwards et al., 2012). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, found on the dorsal and ventral edges of the lamina (Edwards et al., 2012).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the brain or the ventral nerve cord.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the adult central brain. These cells have their nuclei at synaptic neuropil surfaces throughout the central brain (not just adjacent to the cell body rind) and they extend processes into the synaptic and/or tract neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). They have variable size and morphology and one cell may project into more than one neuropil region, but cells tend to cover non-overlapping areas (Kremer et al., 2017). Reticular glial cell processes in the synaptic neuropil of the central brain tend to be more dense in neuropil regions where synaptic terminals of neurons are less dense (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the central brain. One cell can wrap around 20 to 100 cell bodies, but some cell bodies are wrapped by two neighboring glial cells (Kremer et al., 2017). They have an overall globular shape with fine lamellae protruding into surrounding areas (Kremer et al., 2017).
Any ensheathing glial cell (FBbt:00047836) that is part of some adult central brain (FBbt:00047887).
Glial cell of the adult central brain that elaborates along the outer surface of a synaptic neuropil region (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells vary in morphology as they ensheath and project complex and fine protrusions into the neuropil domains (Kremer et al., 2017). They mostly accompany neuronal branches, but occasionally also tracheal branches, into the neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). Their nuclei are found at neuropil boundaries throughout the brain, not just adjacent to the cell body rind (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell of the adult central brain that lies along the surface of a tract (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells extend along the long axes of their tracts and have ragged ends, but together with their neighbors, they form a neatly contiguous sheath, completely surrounding the tracts (Kremer et al., 2017). Their nuclei are found in non-cortical regions deep within the brain and along the tracts they associate with (Kremer et al., 2017).
Perineurial glial cell of the adult optic lobe that overlies the outer perimeter of the lamina, following its chalice-like shape (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Kremer et al., 2017).
Subperineurial glial cell of the adult optic lobe that overlies the outer perimeter of the lamina, following its chalice-like shape (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Kremer et al., 2017).
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell of the proximal adult medulla (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Its cell body lies at the edge of the neuropil, immediately distal to the inner chiasm giant glia and it extends astrocyte-like branches above medulla layer M10 and beneath M7 (Edwards et al., 2012). These cells are positive for Repo (FBgn0011701) (Edwards et al., 2012).
Glial cell that is part of the adult central nervous system.
Glial cell found in the distal part of the cell body rind of the lamina. It lies in a layer beneath the pseudocartridge glial cells, and above the proximal satellite glial cells (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells are uniformly large and oblong in shape along the anterior-posterior axis (Kremer et al., 2017). They form honeycomb-like shapes that ensheath cell bodies of monopolar neurons of the lamina cortex as well as neuronal tracts (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Kremer et al., 2017). They lie partly on top of one another and one honeycomb may be formed by two cells. There is approximately one distal satellite glial cell for every 6 groups of monopolar neurons (Edwards et al., 2012) and around 125 of these cells per optic lobe (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the distal adult medulla. Its cell body lies at the posterior edge of the distal medulla, with irregular branches that extend into medulla columns as deep as the serpentine layer (M7). Other branches extend in a centrifugal direction, along chiasmal axons or glia that approach from the lamina.
Ensheathing glial cell of the distal adult medulla. These cells are organized as highly columnar structures and show a characteristic branching pattern in M3 and M6, where photoreceptors R8 and R7 terminate, and in M7, the serpentine layer (Kremer et al., 2017). They form a dense sheath (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell of the adult central nervous system that elaborates along the outer surface of its associated neuropil. Glia of this class may also surround neuropil bundles such as commissures or tracts.
Glial cell that is part of the adult. Subtypes generally tend to tile, minimizing contact with their glial neighbors and maximizing contact with their neuronal compartment (Kremer et al., 2017). They also do not seem to recognize particular neurons or neuropils; sometimes one glial cell has partial coverage of multiple units and multiple glial cells may tile across the same unit (Kremer et al., 2017).
Large glial cell of the inner optic chiasm of the adult optic lobe, between the proximal medulla and lobula complex. It extends many cytoplasmic processes that enwrap fiber bundles at and near the sites of axonal intersection (Tix et al., 1997). These cells have an elongated sheet-like morphology and they send long projections into the three neighboring neuropil regions (Kremer et al., 2017). There are around 40 inner optic chiasma glial cells per optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). Kremer et al. (2017) expression and morphological analysis suggests that these are synaptic neuropil ensheathing glia [FBC:CP].
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell of the adult lamina (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Each cell contributes to the wrapping of multiple columns and each column is wrapped by multiple glia (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Epithelial glial cells elaborate numerous fine processes into the lamina plexus, especially from the surface juxtaposing the R1-R6 growth cones or axon termini (Poeck et al., 2001). In the lamina, they receive a small amount of synaptic input from each of photoreceptors R1-R6 and strong input from lamina intrinsic (amacrine) cells (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). There are around 470 of these cells per lamina (Kremer et al., 2017). Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for a epithelial glial cell (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge for each cell type was the following: R1 (-/15), R2 (-/13), R3 (-/7), R4 (-/9), R5 (-/10), R6 (-/11), Lai (-/87) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Specialized ensheathing glial cell of the lamina (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form a contiguous layer at the proximal surface of the lamina and associate with multiple lamina columns (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Their processes extend into the lamina, ensheathing proximal parts of the cartridges (Kremer et al., 2017). They also extend protrusions proximally into the outer chiasm (Kremer et al., 2017). It is between the marginal glial cells and epithelial glial cells that the R1-R6 growth cones terminate (Poeck et al., 2001; Winberg et al., 1992). There are around 100 of these cells per lamina (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell located in the lamina neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017).
Cell body glial cell of the lamina. Unlike in other cell body rind regions of the brain, the cell body glia of the lamina form two distinct layers and multiple neuronal cell bodies may be found in one glial pocket (Kremer et al., 2017).
Astrocyte-like glial cell with its cell body located at the surface of the adult lobula.
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell with its soma at the surface of either the adult lobula or lobula plate (lobula complex) neuropil regions (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells take many shapes and sizes and may form branches into one or both neuropils (Kremer et al., 2017). Cells additionally projecting into the medulla are mentioned, but not shown in images or diagram, by Kremer et al. (2017). Not clear if these should fall under this class - part_of may need revising [FBC:CP].
Ensheathing glial cell with its soma at the surface of the either the lobula or lobula plate (lobula complex) neuropil regions (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form columnar processes perpendicular to the neuropil margin, as well as tangential processes parallel to the margin (Kremer et al., 2017). They form a complex three-dimensional arrangement of branches (Kremer et al., 2017).
Astrocyte-like glial cell with its cell body located at the surface of the adult lobula plate.
Wrapping glial cell of the adult marginal nerve (Corty et al., 2022). There are approximately 40 of these per marginal nerve (Corty et al., 2022).
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell located in the adult medulla neuropil. There are at least three subtypes and they show tiling and have a high structural density (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell located in the cell body rind of the medulla. It is similar to cell body glial cells of the central brain (Kremer et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell located in the adult medulla neuropil. There are at least two subtypes, forming a dense sheath around the distal medulla and serpentine layer, where their cell bodies are found (Kremer et al., 2017). Rather than having its own ensheathing glia, the proximal medulla is invaded by fine processes from the inner chiasm glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell located in the medulla neuropil. There are at least three subtypes of reticular glia and at least two subtypes of ensheathing glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
Adult astrocyte-like glial cell that projects into the mushroom body (Kremer et al., 2017). Glial process density is low in the synapse-rich regions of the calyx and lobes; processes show thin branches with local thickenings at various positions within their network (Kremer et al., 2017). Cells might additionally branch into other neuropil domains.
Glial cell that is found in the cell body rind of the adult mushroom body (Kremer et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell that forms part of the glial sheath of the mushroom body (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells also form protrusions into the mushroom body, enwrapping neuronal processes (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with a neuropil of the brain. There are approximately 200 neuropil associated glial cells per hemisphere of the adult brain (Hartenstein, 2011).
Glial cell of the adult fly that is located in the optic chiasm (Tix et al., 1997). Members of this group of glial cells are arranged in rows between successive dorsoventral sheets of intercrossing fibers of the outer and inner chiasmata (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Tix et al., 1997). Kremer et al. (2017) expression analysis suggests that these are types of ensheathing glia - inner tract glia likely to be synaptic neuropil ensheathing, outer tract glia likely to be tract neuropil ensheathing [FBC:CP].
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell found in the optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some cell body rind of adult optic lobe (FBbt:00111152).
Any ensheathing glial cell (FBbt:00047836) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the optic lobe.
Any neuropil associated CNS glial cell (FBbt:00001303) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701).
Perineurial glial cell of the adult optic lobe. These cells form long thin strips along the dorsal-ventral axis (Kremer et al., 2017).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Large glial cell of the outer optic chiasm of the adult optic lobe. It extends many cytoplasmic processes that enwrap fiber bundles at and near the sites of axonal intersection (Tix et al., 1997), but does not invade the neighboring synaptic neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). There are around 50 of these per optic lobe and each envelops 8-12 fiber bundles, with multiple glial cells sharing each large strand of fibers (Kremer et al., 2017). Kremer et al. (2017) expression and morphological analysis suggests that these are tract neuropil ensheathing glia [FBC:CP].
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult nervous system (FBbt:00003559) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Period (FBgn0003068) expressing glial cell.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005892).
Perineurial glial cell of the peripheral nervous system. Each cell forms a narrow strip along the long axis of the nerve, without covering its entire circumference (Kremer et al., 2017).
Subperineurial glial cell of the peripheral nervous system. These cells can individually form elongated tubes around small peripheral nerves, but larger nerves are enclosed by multiple subperineurial cells (Kremer et al., 2017).
Neuropil glial cell of the adult that is derived from a larval glial cell (Kato et al., 2020). The larval astrocyte-like glia die during the pupal phase, while some of the ensheathing glia persist and divide to generate these cells (Kato et al., 2020). In the brain, these cells tend to occupy an anterior-inferior area (Kato et al., 2020).
Glial cell found in the proximal part of the cell body rind of the lamina. It is located in a layer between the distal satellite glial cells and the epithelial glial cells (Kremer et al., 2017). They are thin and dense, having a smaller size and more variable orientation along the anterior-posterior axis than the distal lamina satellite glia (Kremer et al., 2017). These glial cells invest the photoreceptor axon bundles and the necks of monopolar neurons (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). On their distal surface, they form pockets for the neuronal cell bodies, on their proximal surface, they send protrusions into the neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). There is approximately one proximal satellite glial cell for every 2-3 groups of monopolar cell bodies (Edwards et al., 2012) and around 250 of these cells per optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). Sometimes referred to as interface glia (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010), as they are found at the interface between the cell body rind and the neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). Not to be confused with interface glia found in the larval CNS.
Neuropil glial cell of the adult that is born during the post-embryonic stage (Kato et al., 2020). It arises from a type II neuroblast (Omoto et al., 2015). In the brain, these cells tend to occupy a posterior-superior area (Kato et al., 2020).
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell of the adult medulla with its cell body located at the posterior margin of the serpentine layer (M7) (Edwards et al., 2017; Kremer et al., 2017). It extends thin branches distally toward the terminals of photoreceptor R7 in medulla layer M6 and proximally into M8 (Edwards et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell with its soma in the serpentine layer of the adult medulla (Kremer et al., 2017). It sends columnar branches into both the distal and proximal medulla (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form a dense sheath (Kremer et al., 2017).
Doublesex-expressing glial cell found in the lateral part of the subesophageal ganglion (gnathal ganglion). This cell originally appears in the ventrolateral optic cleft of the pupa, but is later found in a scattered distribution consistent with the migratory nature of glia in the CNS (Robinett et al., 2010). Originally thought to be a male-specific neuron (Lee et al., 2002), this was identified as a type of glial cell, seen in both sexes, by Robinett et al., 2010.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult nervous system (FBbt:00003559) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Glial cell belonging to either of the two layers of the perineurium in the adult optic lobe (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Kremer et al., 2017). They are found between the retina and the cell body rind of the lamina and enwrap the entrance points of the photoreceptor axon bundles (Kremer et al., 2017). DISAMBIGUATION: Edwards and Meinertzhagen (2010) argue that the larval subretinal glia are a different cell group to the adult subretinal glial cells, linked only by name. They propose the abolition of the term ‘subretinal glial cell’ in favour of 2 distinct classes - fenestrated and pseudocartridge glial cells.
Any surface glial cell (FBbt:00005152) that is part of some adult (FBbt:00003004).
Glial cell of the adult central nervous system that elaborates along the outer surface of a synaptic neuropil region (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells vary in morphology as they ensheath and project complex and fine protrusions into the neuropil domains (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell of the adult central nervous system that lies along the surface of a tract (Kremer et al., 2017).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult ventral nerve cord (FBbt:00004052) and is part of some neuropil glial sheath (FBbt:00007117).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind (FBbt:00111082).
Perineurial glial cell of the adult ventral nerve cord. These cells have a varied morphology, ranging from elongated to square-shaped, with orientation mostly along the medial-lateral axis (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that wraps individual axons within nerves of the adult peripheral nervous system (Chung et al., 2020; Freeman et al., 2015). It is found below the layers formed by perineurial and subperineurial glial cells around the nerves (Chung et al., 2020; Freeman, 2015).
Neuropil associated glial cell of the central nervous system that has a dendritic morphology and elaborates inside the associated synaptic neuropil (Awasaki et al., 2008). Their nuclei are found at synaptic neuropil surfaces and they extend branched filiform or lamelliform processes that pervade the neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011).
Large subperineural glial cell that sits over the posterior commissure just medial to the longitudinal connectives (Klambt and Goodman, 1991; Ito et al., 1995). It sends processes in three directions: medially to the midline, anteriorly and posteriorly (Ito et al., 1995). Unlike the A-subperineural glial cell, the B-subperineural glial cell is only found in abdominal segments of the embryo and larvae, and lies at approximately the center of the segment along the antero-posterior axis (Ito et al., 1995). It develops from neuroblast NB1-1 of the abdomen (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 1.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 2.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 3.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 4.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 5.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 6.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 7.
B-subperineurial glial cell located in abdominal segment 8.
Glial cell with a nucleus amongst the neuronal cell bodies in the cell body rind. It is irregularly shaped, with processes that enclose the neuronal cell bodies. Glial cells associated with axonal tracts (such as those associated with nerve roots) are excluded from this class of glial cells (Ito et al., 1995). Modeled as ‘part of’ their ‘cell body rind’ regions, though in practice some cell body glia have small projections into the neuropil [FBC:CP].
Surface associated glial cell that lies along the dorsoventral channels of the larval ventral nerve cord. The cell bodies lie close to and send processes along the channel surface. The nuclei of these glial cells are smaller and more spherical compared to the flattened nuclei of the subperineurial glia.
Glial cell of the central nervous system.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some central nervous system (FBbt:00005094) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Subperineurial glia lies beneath the outer surface of the ventral nerve cord. Its nuclei and cell bodies are round and flat. Cytoplasmic extensions sometimes extend a short distance into the underlying cortex and fill the space between the outermost neuronal cell bodies.
A glial cell that is part of the perineurium at the surface of the central nervous system.
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Glial cell located proximal to the marginal glial cells. They elaborate long processes and wrap R cell axons in the medulla, which stop precisely at the base of expanded R8 and R7 growth cones. They also extend processes to the bottom of the lamina furrow (Poeck et al., 2001). Original reference (Poeck et al., 2001) does not distinguish ensheathing and reticular glia, so this cell type covers both [FBC:CP].
Surface-associated, channel glial cell that lies at the dorsal-end of the channel above the neuropil. The cells send processes ventrally along the channel, while receiving processes from the A-SPG cells. There are two dorsal channel glial cells per hemisegment and their processes form, along with processes from the ventral channel glia, a sheath structure that covers the inner surface of the dorsoventral channel. It develops from neuroblast NB7-4 (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Interface glial cell located on the dorsal interface of the hemineuromere. There are up to five of these cells per hemineuromere, three or four lying in the medial-most area of the dorsal interface which separate the neuropil from the pair of rows of large neural cell bodies. Another one or two dorsal interface glia lie at a more lateral region of the dorsal interface, which is beneath the thinnest part of the dorsal cortex. The positions of the dorsal interface glial cells vary considerably in the first instar larval ventral nerve cord (Ito et al., 1995).
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the lateral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord, and is located dorsal to the ventral lateral subperineurial glial cell. It lies at about 30% along the ventro-dorsal axis, and occasionally there are two of these cells per neuromere. It develops from the NB5-6 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). At stage 14 the lateral subperineurial glial cells have a vertically elongated ‘belt-like’ morphology. This suggests that these cells may be the ‘belt glia’ described by Doe et al., 1991.
Embryonic midline glial cell found in an anterior position in the neuromere (Wheeler et al., 2006). At least six of these cells are generated in the embryo, but only three survive to become mature glia in the larva, with the remainder being removed by apoptosis (Dong and Jacobs, 1997; Wheeler et al., 2006).
Glial cell of the embryonic central brain.
Surface glial cell of the embryonic central brain.
Glial cell of the embryo that has not yet reached its mature larval form. These cells may further divide (or die), migrate or extend processes prior to adopting their mature larval forms, positions and numbers (Ito et al., 1995).
Glial cell of the embryonic peripheral nervous system. There are 12 such cells per abdominal hemisegment. They arise in the late embryonic stage 12 or early stage 13 and migrate along the peripheral nerves until the stage 16. They give rise to the perineurial, subperineurial, and wrapping glial cells of the late embryonic and larval peripheral nervous system (von Hilchen et al., 2008; von Hilchen et al., 2013).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN). It is the most medially located peripheral glial cell, close to the transition zone between the CNS and the PNS (exit area). It develops from neuroblast 1-3 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG1 can be variable. It is the most medial cell 63% of the time, but it can also be found at the positions of ePG2 (7%) or ePG3 (31%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN), located at its distal end, laterally to ePG9 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). It develops from a sensory organ precursor cell (Nelson and Laughon, 1993; von Hilchen et al., 2008)). The position of the cell body of ePG10 is fixed: it is found at its position 100% of the time. This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008). Mapping to from the terminology of Klambt and Goodman, 1991, is also from von Hilchen et al., 2008.
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp, posterior to the ISN (von Hilchen et al., 2008). It develops from a sensory organ precursor cell (Bodmer et al., 1989). The position of the cell body of ePG11 is fixed: it is found at its position 100% of the time. This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the transverse nerve (TN), anterior to the ISN and lateral to ePG8 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). It develops from a sensory organ precursor cell (Bodmer et al., 1989). The position of the cell body of ePG12 is fixed: it is found at its position 100% of the time. This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the segmental nerve (SN). It is located in the transition zone between the CNS and the PNS (exit area), laterally to ePG1 and medially to ePG3. It develops from neuroblast 5-6 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG2 is variable. It is the middle cell of the exit zone 38% of the time, but it can also be found at the positions of ePG1 (18%) or ePG3 (44%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN). It is the most lateral cell located in the transition zone between the CNS and the PNS (exit area), laterally to ePG2. It develops from neuroblast 1-3 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG3 is variable. It is the most lateral cell of the exit zone 46% of the time, but it can also be found at the positions of ePG1 (8%) or ePG2 (46%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
An embryonic peripheral glial cell located distally to the transition zone between the CNS and the PNS on segmental nerve, near the point where it splits from the intersegmental nerve (ISN). It develops from the same sensory organ precursor cell located in the ventral neuroectoderm as embryonic peripheral glial cell 5 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG4 is very stable: it is found at its position 96% of the time. Rarely, it can be found at the position of ePG5 (4%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
An embryonic peripheral glial cell located distally to the transition zone between the CNS and the PNS (exit area) on the intersegmental nerve near the point where ii splits from the segmental nerve (SN). It develops from the same sensory organ precursor cell located in the ventral neuroectoderm as embryonic peripheral glial cell 4 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG4 is very stable: it is found at its position 96% of the time. Rarely, it can be found at the position of ePG5 (4%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN) and located laterally to ePG5. It develops from neuroblast 2-5 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG6 is somewhat variable: it is found at its position 87% of the time. Sometimes, it can be found at the positions of ePG5 (4%) or ePG7 (9%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with. However, it is not possible to distinguish ePG6 from ePG8 without taking into account the position of the cell body (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN) and located laterally to ePG6. It develops from neuroblast 1-3 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG7 is variable: it is found at its position 70% of the time. It can also be found at the positions of ePG6 (8%), ePG8 (21%) or ePG9 (1%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN) laterally to ePG7. It develops from neuroblast 2-5 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG7 is variable: it is found at its position 70% of the time. It can also be found at the positions of ePG7 (21%) or ePG9 (9%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with. However, it is not possible to distinguish ePG6 from ePG6 without taking into account the position of the cell body (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Embryonic peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN) laterally to ePG8. It develops from neuroblast 1-3 (von Hilchen et al., 2008). The position of the cell body of ePG9 is somewhat variable: it is found at its position 92% of the time. It can also be found at the positions of ePG7 (2%) or ePG8 (6%). This analysis was done using specific cell markers and taking into account which nerve the cell is associated with (von Hilchen et al., 2008).
Neuropil associated glial cell of the embryonic/larval central nervous system that has a dendritic morphology and elaborates inside the associated neuropil. It extends membrane processes deeply into the neuropil and ramifies profusely in synapse-rich regions, both in the ventral nerve cord and in the brain. In the third instar larval ventral nerve cord, the glial cells are typically organized into three groups within each hemineuromere: a dorsomedial group with three cells, a dorsolateral group with two cells and a ventrally positioned cell (Stork et al., 2014). There are approximately 15 of these cells in each brain hemisphere throughout larval development (Omoto et al., 2015). They appear to endoreplicate and increase in size, then die during metamorphosis (Omoto et al., 2015).
Very large glial cell of the basal embryonic/larval eye disc that also extends through the optic stalk (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). There are two per eye disc, each covering approximately half of the differentiated part of the disc, with their nuclei generally being found at the posterior end of the imaginal disc, but always posterior to the differentiating neurons (Silies et al., 2007). The glial substrate formed by the carpet glia separates the basal-most migrating glia from the more apical ones (Silies et al., 2007). These cells migrate inwards to give rise to the adult carpet glial cells. Categorized as a retinal basal glial cell in accordance with Tsao et al. (2016) - FBrf0233599 and Chang et al. (2018) - FBrf0239891, since they first appear in the optic stalk, like other retinal basal glia (Choi et al., 1994).
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cell body rind of the embryonic/larval central nervous system.
Glial cell of the perineurial glial sheath in the embryonic/larval CNS. The perineurial glial cells develop post-embryonically (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010).
Glial cell of the embryonic/larval CNS subperineurial glial sheath. These cells are rich in septate junctions and are a principal component of the larval blood-brain-barrier (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). They derive from the mesoderm (Edwards et al., 1993). In the larval abdomen there are typically 8 (but sometimes 9) subperineural glial cells per abdominal hemineuromere (Ito et al., 1995).
Ensheathing glial cell of the larva. It has a flattened cell body that is a part of the glial sheath of the neuropil. Unlike the reticular glia, they do not have processes penetrating into the neuropil. These cells may correspond to the wrapping glia of the peripheral nervous system. There are approximately 12 of these cells in each brain hemisphere throughout larval development (Omoto et al., 2015).
Epithelial glial cell of the embryo/larva.
Any exit glial cell (FBbt:00001253) that is part of some embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005893).
Glial cell located at the margins of the eye disc, showing an elongated, clapboard-like shape (Silies et al., 2007; Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). DISAMBIGUATION: The eye disc marginal glial cells are not to be confused with the neuropil associated marginal glial cells located at the base of the lamina in the adult.
Glial cell of the embryo/larva.
Any glial cell of the embryo or larva that derives from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm. Their identity is established by the expression of the gene glial cells missing (gcm), which results in expression of reversed polarity (repo), often used as a marker for lateral glia (Jacobs, 2000). This includes perineurial and subperineurial glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cell body (cortex) glia, wrapping glia and some of the neuropil associated glia (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). There are around 25 of these per abdominal hemisegment in a stage 16 embryo (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Larval glial cell belonging to a subpopulation of surface glial cells of the optic stalk that migrate to the eye disc (Silies et al., 2007; Tsao et al., 2016). Upon contact with photoreceptor axons, they are induced to differentiate into wrapping glia (Franzdottir et al., 2009; Tsao et al., 2016).
Glial cell associated with the optic stalk that separates the R cells axons from the eye disc and hemolymph (Hummel et al., 2002).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic/larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005893).
Glial cell of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system that ensheathes axons and dendrites. The perineurial layer of glial cell lie on top of the inner, subperineurial glial cells (Banerjee et al., 2006).
Subperineurial glial cell of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system. These cells form a layer around the peripheral nerves, below the layer formed by the perineurial glial cells (Freeman, 2015).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic/larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Glial cell that wraps individual axons within nerves of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system (Stork et al., 2008; Freeman et al., 2015; Kottmeier et al., 2020). It is found below the layers formed by perineurial and subperineurial glial cells around the nerves (Stork et al., 2008; Freeman, 2015; Kottmeier et al., 2020). These cells form long thin processes that collectively ensheath almost every peripheral axon in the late third instar larva (Stork et al., 2008). They are required for normal speed and precision of information transfer in the peripheral nervous system (Kottmeier et al., 2020).
Glial cell found among photoreceptor cell axons in the eye disk that wraps these axons as they extend to the optic stalk (Hummel et al., 2002; Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). The wrapping glial cells are, in turn, surrounded and wrapped by surface glial cells (Hummel et al., 2002). These cells develop from precursors that migrate from the optic stalk into the eye disc and differentiate upon coming into contact with photoreceptor axons (Choi and Benzer, 1994; Hummel et al., 2002; Silies et al., 2007; Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). Wrapping glial cells (of the eye disc) are associated with Bolwig’s nerve, but do not wrap it (Silies et al., 2007).
Glial cell with a flattened cell body that forms glial sheaths around the synaptic and tract neuropil regions. They may serve a homologous function to the wrapping glia, which ensheath the peripheral nerves (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell associated with eo neuron. Daughter of pIIb; sibling of pIIIb. Note - the term ‘sheath cell’ is problematic as it is sometimes used to refer to the thecogen cell and sometimes to the eo glial cell. ds060308.
Cuboidal glial cell found in the visual system of larvae and adults, located more distal than the row of marginal glial cells. These glial cells contact marginal glia at their base (proximal) and satellite glia at their apex (distal), and constitute the only class of cells with nuclei in the neuropil proper, in the distal lamina.
A surface associated glial cell that is associated with the exit point of a nerve from the central nervous system. Disambiguation: Some authors consider ’exit glia’ to be a distinct class (e.g. see Sepp et al., 2001). However, we follow a more recent system (von Hilchen, 2008) that considers exit glia cells to be a type of peripheral glia. Their nomenclature (ePG1-12) reflects this.
Surface glial cell of the adult optic lobe. The fenestrated glia form a layer overlying the pseudocartridge glial cell layer and contact the basement membrane (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). These cells are specialized perineurial glial cells of the optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that is part of the adult antennal nerve.
Any glial cell that is found in an eye-antennal disc (Gonzalez-Blas et al., 2020).
Glial cell that is embedded in the epithelium of a leg disc (Tripathi and Irvine, 2022; Tse et al., 2022).
Any glial cell that is part of (either layer of) the perineurium, which surrounds the entire nervous system (Kremer et al., 2017).
Neuropil associated glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that lies at the cell body rind/neuropil interface and sends processes along it. There are 7-8 interface glial cells per hemineuromere in the embryo and early larvae. The nuclei are slightly ellipsoidal. In larvae, the cells have flat cytoplasmic extensions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, forming a cage-like structure that surrounds the neuropile. At embryonic stage 15 all of the interface glia are aligned dorsally in two rows above the longitudinal connectives. At early stage 16 two cells in the lateral row begin to move laterally, and one in the medial row moves ventrally along the medial border of the connectives neuropil, passing by the cluster of midline glial cells. The ventral and lateral interface glia occupy their final positions by early stage 17. Sometimes also referred to as longitudinal glia, due to their association with longitudinal connectives (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). The term ’longitudinal glial cell’ FBbt:00110878 corresponds only to the progeny of longitudinal glioblasts (Ito et al., 1995), which is all interface glia in the embryonic VNC (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
A peripheral glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve (ISN) that is located between PG1 (ePG4) and PG3 (ePG10). There are 4 of these (von Hilchen et al., 2008). This term refers to PG2 from the old nomenclature of Klambt and Goodman, 1991, which has been largely superseded by the more fine grained nomenclature of von Hilchen et al., 2008. The term has been kept as a grouping term for ePG6-9 as it has been used in curation a number of times, but the name has been changed to avoid confusion with ePG2 from the new nomenclature, which is a completely different cell.
Nerve root glial cell associated with the intersegmental nerve root. This is a neuropil associated glial cell (Ito et al., 1995) that develops from neuroblast NB1-3 (Hartenstein, 2011).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some lamina anlage (FBbt:00001939).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus medial to the antennal lobe. It extends processes into the antennal lobe that fill the entire neuropil domain. It may also extend processes into adjacent regions, with some variability between individuals. There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus medial to the mushroom body calyx. It sends a major branch laterally into the superior lateral protocerebrum and another branch posteromedially into the superior medial protocerebrum and medial inferior protocerebrum. There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like neuropil associated glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus ventral to the mushroom body calyx. There is one of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus posteromedial to the inferior protocerebrum. There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus anterior to the lateral accessory lobe. There is one of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus lateral to the posterior slope. There are two to three of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus lateral to the superior lateral protocerebrum. There is usually one of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus medial to the superior medial protocerebrum. There is one of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus dorsal to the mushroom body vertical lobe. There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere.
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larva that has its nucleus anterior to the ventrolateral protocerebrum. There are three or four of these cells per hemisphere.
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cortex of the embryonic/larval brain.
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval brain. There are approximately 12 of these cells in each brain hemisphere throughout larval development (Omoto et al., 2015).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic/larval brain (FBbt:00001920) and is part of some neuropil glial sheath (FBbt:00007117).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that is found in a dorsal position relative to the neuropil (Peco et al., 2016). There are three of these per hemineuromere and they develop from embryonic dorsal longitudinal glial cells (Peco et al., 2016).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that is found in a lateral position relative to the neuropil (Peco et al., 2016). There are two of these per hemineuromere and they develop from embryonic lateral longitudinal glial cells (Peco et al., 2016).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic/larval central nervous system (FBbt:00001919) and is part of some neuropil glial sheath (FBbt:00007117).
Wrapping glial cell of the larva that spans the nerve region between the ventral nerve cord and the muscle field (Corty et al., 2022). Assumed to develop from embryonic PG1 based on name, but not explicitly stated in Corty et al. (2022), nerve identity also not stated.
Glial cell of the basal layer of the eye disc that migrates from the optic stalk during larval development (Choi and Benzer, 1994; Chang et al., 2018). This migration follows photoreceptor cell differentiation (Hummel et al., 2002). Term covers cell types of the basal eye disc and precursors in the optic stalk [FBC:CP].
Any surface glial cell (FBbt:00005152) that is part of some larva (FBbt:00001727).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that is found in a ventral position relative to the neuropil (Peco et al., 2016). There is one of these per hemineuromere and it develops from an embryonic ventral longitudinal glial cell (Peco et al., 2016).
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord. It has a prominent process extending into the neuropil proximal to its nucleus (Pogodalla et al., 2021). There are approximately 6 of these cells in each hemineuromere throughout larval development, found in fixed locations: 3 dorsal, 2 lateral and one ventral (Peco et al., 2016). They develop from prospero-expressing interface glia (Peco et al., 2016).
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cortex of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord (VNC). In the early larva, there are around 4 cell body glia per hemineuromere (Ito et al., 1995), but they increase in number during later larval stages, particularly in thoracic and anterior abdominal segments (Coutinho-Budd et al., 2017). The nuclei and cell bodies of the VNC cell body glial cells have quite irregular shapes, and cytoplasmic protrusions fill the space between neighboring neuronal cell bodies (Ito et al., 1995), with no morphological stereotypy by VNC region (Coutinho-Budd et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord. There are approximately four of these cells that ensheath the synaptic neuropil in each abdominal hemineuromere throughout larval development, including two that wrap the proximal parts of the nerve roots (Pogodalla et al., 2021). Three of these four synaptic neuropil-ensheathing glia derive from the longitudinal glioblast (Peco et al., 2016). There are also three or four midline glia per neuromere, which ensheath the commissural axons (Ito et al., 1995; Banerjee et al., 2017). Some of these cells also extend into the dorsal cell body rind and wrap neuronal cell bodies (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that wraps the proximal parts of the nerve roots in addition to forming part of the sheath around the synaptic neuropil (Pogodalla et al., 2021). There are approximately two of these per hemineuromere (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some larval ventral nerve cord (FBbt:00001102) and is part of some neuropil glial sheath (FBbt:00007117).
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord that surrounds the synaptic neuropil, but does not wrap nerve roots (Pogodalla et al., 2021). There are approximately two of these per hemineuromere (Pogodalla et al., 2021) and they are derived from a sibling pair of embryonic longitudinal glia, one dorsal cell, one ventral cell (Peco et al., 2016).
Lateral-most of the cell body glial cells, located in the lateral cell body rind region of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord. It develops from neuroblast NB7-4 (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
[is part of; embryonic/larval lateral glial cell; lateral cord glial cell; neuropil associated CNS glial cell]
[lateral cord glial cell; lateral cord subset glial cell]
[lateral cord surface glial cell; lateral cord glial cell]
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the ventral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord. It lies near, but slightly above, the exit point of the peripheral nerve, at 80-90% along the medio-lateral axis.
Interface glial cell located in the lateral interface of the ventral nerve cord. There are 2 lateral interface glial cells per hemineuromere forming two parallel flat processes dorso-ventrally along the lateral interface. At embryonic stage 15 all of the interface glia are aligned dorsally in two rows above the longitudinal connectives. At early stage 16, two cells in the lateral row begin to move laterally and occupy their final lateral positions by early stage 17, leaving processes behind and maintaining a connection with the dorsal interface glia.
Intersegmental nerve root glia that is located near the exit point of the nerve root. It develops from neuroblast NB7-4 (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). The lateral segmental nerve root glial cell and the lateral intersegmental nerve root glial cell lie in close proximity. In some animals one of these is absent. The lateral intersegmental nerve root glial cell corresponds to ISPG2 described by Klambt and Goodman (1991) (Ito et al., 1995).
Longitudinal glial cell (generated by the longitudinal glioblast) with a relatively lateral and posterior location relative to other longitudinal glia (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). There is one of these cells per hemineuromere in the late embryo (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Segmental nerve root glial cell that lies at the point where the intersegmental and segmental nerve roots meet to form a single peripheral nerve. The lateral segmental nerve root glial cell and the lateral intersegmental nerve root glial cell lie in close proximity. In some animals one of these is absent. The lateral segmental nerve root glial cell corresponds to SPG3 described by Klambt and Goodman (1991) (Ito et al., 1995).
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the ventral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord, and lies antero-lateral to the medial ventral subperineurial glial cell.
Lateral ventral subperineurial glial cell of an abdominal segment. it lies 0-10% along the antero-posterior axis and 60-90% along the medio-lateral axis (Ito et al., 1995) and develops from neuroblast NB1-1 of the abdomen (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Lateral ventral subperineurial glial cell of a thoracic segment. It has a different neuroblast of origin to its abdominal counterpart and may develop from neuroblast NB5-6 of the thorax (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Interface glial cell that is derived from a longitudinal glioblast (Ito et al., 1995). In the embryo, this is all of the interface glia (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). During embryonic stages some of these cells migrate from their dorsal position above the longitudinal connective (Ito et al., 1995). Longitudinal glia is sometimes used as a synonym for interface glia, due to their association with longitudinal connectives (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). The term ’longitudinal glial cell’ FBbt:00110878 corresponds only to the progeny of longitudinal glioblasts (Ito et al., 1995), which is all interface glia in the embryonic VNC (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). Longitudinal glioblasts and some, but not all of their progeny are marked by the expression of prospero (Ito et al., 1995; Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Cell body glial cell located in the ventral cell body rind of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord, lateral to the medial-most cell body glia. Its position varies between 20% and 80% along the mediolateral axis. It develops from the NB6-4 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Surface-associated, channel glial cell that lies just beneath the ventral side of the cortex/neuropil interface. There are 3-4 medial channel glial cells and they send their processes to and along the dorsoventral channel.
Anterior-most of the two medial channel glial cells.
Posterior-most of the two medial channel glial cells.
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the ventral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord. It lies between the intersegmental nerve roots, at 30-60% along the medio-lateral axis, slightly antero-lateral to the medial intersegmental nerve root glial cell. It develops from the NB1-3 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Intersegmental nerve glial cell that is located at the medial end of the anterior branch of the intersegmental nerve root, above the lateral neuropil. It contacts both the perineurium and the cortex/neuropil interface and its position is slightly lateral to the B-SPG. It sends a process laterally along the nerve root, showing a characteristic triangular morphology. It develops from the NB1-3 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). The medial intersegmental nerve root glial cell corresponds to segment boundary cell (SBC) described by Goodman and Doe (1993) and ISPG1 described by Klambt and Goodman (1991) (Ito et al., 1995).
Subperineurial glial cell with a relatively medial lateral location, that is generated by the NB7-4 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). Reclassified as subperineurial (from cell body) glial cell by Beckervordersandforth et al. (2008) based on marker expression and nucleus shape.
Segmental nerve root glial cell located along the longitudinal axis of the segmental nerve. There are two cells in this class that lie in tandem covering several branches of the nerve root and, unlike the medial intersegmental nerve glial cells, are slightly detached from the neuropil proper.
Anterior-most of the two medial segment nerve root glial cells. The medial segmental nerve root glial cell 1 corresponds to SPG1 described by Klambt and Goodman (1991) (Ito et al., 1995).
Posterior-most of the two medial segment nerve root glial cells. The medial segmental nerve root glial cell 2 corresponds to SPG2 described by Klambt and Goodman (1991) (Ito et al., 1995).
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the ventral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord, and lies more medially than the lateral ventral subperineurial glial cell. In the abdominal segments, it lies 50% along the antero-posterior axis and 30-50% along the medio-lateral axis, but it lies slightly more medially in the thoracic segments. It develops from the NB5-6 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Cell body glial cell that lies close to the midline of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord. It lies between 10-20% along the mediolateral axis, and at approximately 50% along the anterioposterior axis, and flanks the ventral unpaired median (VUM) neuron cluster on the midline. In the early larva, each thoracic hemineuromere has two medial-most cell body glial cells, whilst each abdominal hemineuromere has one (Ito et al., 1995). It develops from the NB6-4 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). The medial-most cell body glial cells are likely the VUM-support cells described by Klambt and Goodman (1991), and Menne and Klambt (1994) (Ito et al., 1995).
Midline glial cell located dorsal to the ventral nerve cord neuropil.
Neuropil associated CNS glial cell located along the midline in the ventral nerve cord. There are three to four midline glia per neuromere, in the anterior region, arranged and above (dorsal to) and below (ventral to) the neuropil. These cells originate from a group of 7-8 cells at embryonic stage 13 which are reduced by apoptosis to 3-4 glial cells by embryonic stage 16. These glial cells ensheath the anterior and posterior axon commissures, with cytoplasmic extensions restricted to the midline, covering the medial part of the commissure neuropil. Fine extensions are also observed within the neuropil. Ito et al. (1995) states that there are generally three or four midline glial cells per neuromere, but occasionally there are more than four. The thoracic neuromeres are more likely than the abdominal neuromeres to have more. Midline glia are repo (FBgn0011701) negative and are eliminated by apoptosis during the pupal stage.
Midline glial cell located ventral to the ventral nerve cord neuropil.
Neuropil associated glial cell that lies along the nerve roots.
Glial cell associated with neuropil regions, including regions of synaptic neuropil, axons, tracts, commissures and nerve roots. There are between 90-100 neuropil associated glial cells in a single late larval brain hemisphere (Hartenstein, 2011). This includes ensheathing and reticular glial cells, which both function in ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that makes up the layer of optic-lobe-associated cortex glia. It is located underneath the subperineurial glial sheath, closest to the neuroepithelium in third instar larva and adults. Despite the name, these cells are surface-associated, not cell body-associated.
Glial cell that forms part of the perineurial sheath forming the outer layer of the nervous system. These cells divide extensively to increase in number as the nervous system expands during development (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell in a nerve that is directly associated with its neurites and is not part of subperineurial layer that wraps the nerve. Early in development, cells of this type are involved in axon pathfinding. Later, cells of this type ensheath neurites and some are located at branching points. Disambiguation: Some authors consider ’exit glia’ to be a distinct class (e.g. see Sepp et al., 2001). However, we follow a more recent system (von Hilchen, 2008) that considers exit glia cells to be a type of peripheral glia. Their nomenclature (ePG1-12) reflects this.
Peripheral glial cell associated with the SNc (Goodman and Doe, 1993). It is located more distally than peripheral glial cell 1. Note that this exit glial cell was not identified by von Hilchen et al., 2008 in their attempt at a comprehensive catalog of peripheral glia.
Glial cell in a neuromuscular junction that interacts with fine terminal axon branches of a motor neuron that synapse with the muscle. Its cell body is located in the periphery, near the terminal branches of the motor axons. Several perisynaptic glial cell are present over the muscle surface, with each one occupying a distinct territory and contacting local synapses.
Glial cell of the retina (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Liu et al., 2015) that produces screening pigments (Tomlinson, 2012). These pigments form layers around the retina and each ommatidium to prevent lateral transfer of light, ensuring photoreceptors of one ommatidium are activated only by light entering through one lens (Tomlinson, 2012). These cells also have metabolic interactions with photoreceptor neurons, providing alanine (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010) and removing lipids (Liu et al., 2015).
Glial cell that is part of the peripheral nervous system.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005098) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005098) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Exit glial cell associated with the root of SNd. Note that this exit glial cell was not identified by von Hilchen et al., 2008 in their attempt at a comprehensive catalog of peripheral glia.
Neuropil associated CNS glial cell located along the midline in the ventral nerve cord at embryonic stage 13, in the posterior region of the neuromere. This group of 6 cells degenerates by embryonic stage 16, and does not contribute to the population of mature midline glia.
Retinal pigment cell that is part of an ommatidium. Each ommatidium has two primary pigment cells. These cells line the pseudocone and are in contact basally with the cone cells. They contain coarse granules of ommochrome screening pigment. Along with the cone cells, they secrete the lens.
Surface glial cell of the adult optic lobe. The pseudocartridge glial cells form a layer beneath the distal fenestrated glial cells (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). These cells are specialized subperineurial glial cells of the optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017). One cell may envelop multiple partial ommatidial bundles, with some bundles shared between neighboring glia, similar to the tiling displayed by other glial types (Kremer et al., 2017).
Interommatidial pigment cell that lies between the edges of adjacent ommatidia. It contains the red screening pigment pteridine, as well as ommochrome granules. Together with tertiary pigment cells, it secretes the lens between the facets.
Glial cell associated with the segmental nerve root. This is a neuropil associated glial cell (Ito et al., 1995) that develops from neuroblast NB1-3 (Hartenstein, 2011).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some embryonic stomatogastric nervous system (FBbt:00001069).
Glial cell that forms the subperineurial glial sheath. These cells are polyploid. They increase in size and ploidy as the nervous system grows during development (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that acts as a support cell for the embryonic/larval dorsal bipolar neuron.
Interommatidial pigment cell that lies between the vertices of adjacent ommatidia. Except at the margins of the eye, vertices alternate between those with tertiary pigment cells and those with bristles. Vertices at the margins all have tertiary pigment cells. These cells contain the red screening pigment pteridine, as well as ommochrome granules. Together with secondary pigment cells, it secretes the lens between the facets.
Medial-most cell body glia of the embryonic/larval thoracic hemineuromere. In the early larva, there are two of these per hemineuromere (Ito et al., 1995). It develops from the thoracic NB6-4 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Anterior-most of the two thoracic medial-most cell body glial cells.
Posterior-most of the two thoracic medial-most cell body glial cells.
Glial cell that has not differentiated into a stable specialist fate. These cells may be migratory and/or phagocytic (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Shklyar et al., 2014).
Surface-associated, channel glial cell that lies at the ventral-end of the channel above the neuropil. There are two of these cells per hemisegment and their processes form, along with processes from the dorsal channel glia, a sheath structure that covers the inner surface of the dorsoventral channel. It develops from neuroblast NB7-4 (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Interface glial cell located at the ventral-most region of the ventral nerve cord interface near the center of the segment lateral to the ventral midline glial cells. The ventral interface glial cell sends processes both laterally and medially. The medial process runs towards the midline glial cells, but apparently does not contact them. It runs along the inner surface of the neuropil between the anterior and posterior commissures and seems to contact the medial dorsal intersegmental glial cells. At embryonic stage 15, all of the interface glia are aligned dorsally in two rows above the longitudinal connectives. At early stage 16, one cell in the medial row begins to move ventrally and occupies its final position by early stage 17, leaving processes behind and maintaining a connection with the dorsal interface glia. In some samples there are two ventral interface glial cells per hemisegment, but generally there is only one cell (Ito et al., 1995).
Surface-associated, subperineurial glial cell located on the lateral surface of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord, and is located ventral to the dorsal lateral subperineurial glial cell. It lies at about 30% along the ventro-dorsal axis, and occasionally there are two of these cells per neuromere. It develops from the NB5-6 neuroblast (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). At stage 14 the lateral subperineurial glial cells have a vertically elongated ‘belt-like’ morphology. This suggests that these cells may be the ‘belt glia’ described by Doe et al., 1991.
A glial cell specific to the peripheral nervous system that wraps individual sensory and motor axons within nerves. There are three to four such cells per nerve (Yildirim et al., 2019).