Tag: Muscle

A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 5 [FBbt_00000613]

The ventral-most of the dorsal oblique muscles of A1-7. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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adult crop circular muscle [FBbt_00003532]

Circular muscle fibers of the of adult crop. In the stalk, it consists of wide bands 1.5um thick and 3-7um wide. In the sac, thick muscle fibers extend around the base of each lobe, converging posteriorly, and the distended portions of the wall are covered with a plexus of branched and interlacing fibers 1-3um thick.

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asynchronous muscle [FBbt_00005088]

Skeletal muscle that does not exhibit a direct relationship between motor neuron activity and muscle contraction. Asynchronous muscles have very large fibrils, with nuclei scattered between them and distributed throughout the entire cross-section of the fiber. Indirect flight muscles are asynchronous.

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basalar muscle 49 [FBbt_00003380]

Direct flight muscle extending from the anterior notum to the basalar of the wing (Sink, 2006). It serves to draw the wing horizontally forwards (Miller, 1950). It is innervated by the b1 motor neuron. Previously named ‘direct flight muscle 49’ - renamed and classified as ‘basalar muscle’ to fit description in literature [FBC:CP].

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contractile cardiomyocyte [FBbt_00058241]

A cardiomyocyte whose contraction contributes to the peristaltic movement of the heart tube. These cells make up most of the wall of the dorsal vessel, along with the ostia-forming cells and the intracardial valve cells. They present a large number of mitochondria evenly distributed, and a centrally located nucleus that takes up more than half of the cell’s area (Lehmacher et al., 2012).

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direct flight muscle [FBbt_00003379]

Cell of the tubular muscle that inserts on apodemes at the base of the wing hinge to allow for the fine control of movements that are necessary for wing positioning and steering during flight. It derives from a direct flight muscle precursor cell of the wing disc (Kozopas and Nusse, 2002).

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dorsal acute muscle 1 [FBbt_00110221]

Dorsal-most acute muscle of a segment of the embryonic/larval musculature. It is an internal muscle (Landgraf et al., 2003; Zarin and Labrador, 2019). We have adopted the nomenclature of Bate (1993) which names the muscles according to their position. There is no inference of homology between muscles of the same name in thoracic vs abdominal segments.

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dorsal acute muscle 2 [FBbt_00110222]

Second-most dorsal acute muscle of a segment of the embryonic/larval musculature. It is an internal muscle (Landgraf et al., 2003; Zarin and Labrador, 2019). We have adopted the nomenclature of Bate (1993) which names the muscles according to their position. There is no inference of homology between muscles of the same name in thoracic vs abdominal segments.

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dorsal acute muscle 3 [FBbt_00110232]

Third-most dorsal acute muscle of the embryonic/larval musculature. It is an internal muscle (Landgraf et al., 2003; Zarin and Labrador, 2019). Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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dorsal oblique muscle 1 [FBbt_00110226]

Dorsal-most dorsal oblique muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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dorsal oblique muscle 2 [FBbt_00110229]

Second-most dorsal of the dorsal oblique muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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dorsal oblique muscle 3 [FBbt_00110236]

Third-most dorsal of the dorsal oblique muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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dorsal oblique muscle 4 [FBbt_00110239]

Second-most ventral of the dorsal oblique muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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dorsal pharyngeal muscle [FBbt_00000489]

Vertically oriented muscle of the larva that inserts into the dorsal arm of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Jurgens et al., 1986). Contraction of the cibarial dilator muscles increases the volume of the pharynx (Jurgens et al., 1986). Thought to be the same as the cibarial dilator muscle based on term usage (e.g. FBrf0240975 for CDM, FBrf0188215 and FBrf0226327 for pharyngeal muscle) [FBC:CP].

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dorsal transverse muscle [FBbt_00000471]

The only dorsally located hypodermal muscle of the embryonic/larval musculature with a transverse orientation. It is only present in the abdominal segments. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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embryonic somatic muscle [FBbt_00005649]

Somatic muscle cell of the embryo, found prior to the fully-formed larval muscle pattern visible at stage 17. At stage 12, myoblasts of the somatic musculature are found in the superficial layer of the mesoderm, these differentiate and fuse to form muscle fibers by the end of stage 13. Between stages 13 and 17, the muscle fibers insert at apodemes formed by the epidermis and stretch during dorsal closure and head involution.

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embryonic/larval alary muscle [FBbt_00001040]

T-shaped muscle that is attached dorsally to the cardiac tube. It extends processes anteriorly and posteriorly along the pericardial cells, with a single process extending ventrally along the segment border to a dorsolateral attachment site on the epidermis. Contractions of the alary muscles control hemolymph inflow and support the cardiac tube.

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embryonic/larval thoracic alary-related muscle [FBbt_00046039]

Thin, elongated, multinucleated visceral muscle that displays oblique orientation and extends over several adjacent segments, connecting the midgut to the exoskeleton. These muscles connect anteriorly to the exoskeleton via attachment to tendon cells along the posterior boundary of thoracic segments, and extend posteriorly, intertwining with cephalic tracheal branches, to attachment points on the midgut.

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embryonic/larval visceral muscle [FBbt_00001035]

Muscle of the embryonic/larval intestinal tract. Circular and longitudinal fibers surround the entire intestinal tract, with the exception of the recurrent layer of the proventriculus. The circular fibers derive from a bilaterally symmetrical band of mesodermal cells extending continuously throughout most of the germ band. The longitudinal fibers derive from clusters of mesodermal cells which appear during stage 12 at the posterior end of the embryo and migrate anteriorly.

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external muscle of fourth axillary hg1 [FBbt_00047244]

Direct flight muscle that inserts into the fourth axillary (posterior notal wing process) and functions in carrying out lateral tip movements (Wisser and Nachtigall, 1984). It shares a tendon with the external muscle of fourth axillary hg4 (Williams and Williams, 1943). In contrast to most other wing muscles, hg1 is larger in males than in females, which is thought to allow for louder sine song (Shirangi et al., 2013). It is one of only two flight muscles that express doublesex (Shirangi et al., 2013). This muscle is not illustrated in Miller 1950 (FBrf0007735).

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flight muscle [FBbt_00003360]

Muscle cell involved in the mechanism of flight. The indirect flight muscles are involved in the deformation of the thoracic terga that bear the wings but are not directly attached to the wing, whereas the direct flight muscles are attached directly to the wing and aid in fine control of its movement. These muscles derive from adepithelial cells associated with the wing disc (Sudarsan et al., 2001; Kozopas and Nusse, 2002).

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fronto-pharyngeal muscle 17 [FBbt_00003283]

Temporary muscle extending from the ocellar triangle to the cibarium. It is inserted partly on the ocular sclerites and partly on the lateral margins of ocellar triangle, caudal to the oculo-antennal muscles. These muscles appear to pull in the ocellar triangle during the deflation of the head. As with other temporary eclosion muscles, it soon degenerates and is not found in older flies.

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fronto-tentorial muscle 19a [FBbt_00003286]

A temporary eclosion muscle that connects the tentorium to the frons. It arises from the same tendons of the tentorium and occipital sclerites though more centrally than the geno-tentorial muscles 19b. They are inserted in large dorsoventral groups on the lateral margins of the fronto-clypeus. Contraction of these muscles causes the head volume to decrease. As with other temporary eclosion muscles, it degenerates 72h after adult emergence.

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geno-tentorial muscle 19b [FBbt_00003287]

A temporary eclosion muscle that connects the postgena to the anterior portion of the gena. It arises from the same tendons as the ptilino-tentorial muscles. It is inserted over a wide dorsoventral area on each gena between the compound eyes and the frontal suture. Contraction of these muscles results in the shape of the head being returned to normal, as hemolymph is withdrawn into the abdomen. As with other temporary eclosion muscles, it has almost disappeared by 24h after adult emergence.

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hypodermal muscle of A1-7 [FBbt_00110299]

Muscles that are part of the body wall of larval abdominal segments A1-7. These muscles are usually innervated by three motorneurons: a specific glutamatergic motor neuron via type Ib terminal boutons, a common glutamatergic motor neuron via type Is boutons and a common modulatory motorneuron via type II or III terminal boutons.

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ISN innervated muscle of A1-7 [FBbt_00110215]

Muscles of the body wall that are innervated by the intersegmental nerve in the larval abdominal segments A1-7. The classification of muscles as SN, ISN or TN innervated is based not only on innervation, but also orientation (and presumed function), specification pathways during development (wingless dependendence for SN and TN innervated muscles) and the muscle’s location in the internal or external layers (although there are exceptions to this) (Landgraf et al., 1997).

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larval external muscle [FBbt_00051428]

Larval hypodermal muscle found in a more superficial position in the body relative to the internal muscles (Landgraf et al., 2003). These muscles require wingless signalling for their specification and, except for ventral transverse muscle 1, all express the cell adhesion molecule Connectin (Landgraf et al., 1997). They generally have a dorso-ventral (transverse) orientation (Kohsaka et al., 2012).

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lateral oblique muscle 1 [FBbt_00000468]

The only laterally located oblique (dorsal anterior to ventral posterior) hypodermal muscle of the larva. It is an external muscle (Landgraf et al., 2003; Kohsaka et al, 2012). Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name. Classed as external in Kohsaka et al. (2012) and Landgraf et al. (2003) (and, consistently, is innervated by the SN), but classed as internal by Zarin and Labrador (2019) - FBrf0245882.

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lateral transverse muscle 1 [FBbt_00110262]

Anterior-most of the lateral transverse muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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lateral transverse muscle 2 [FBbt_00110265]

Second-most anterior of the lateral transverse muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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lateral transverse muscle 3 [FBbt_00110268]

Third-most anterior of the lateral transverse muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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lateral transverse muscle 4 [FBbt_00110271]

Posterior-most of the lateral transverse muscles. Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name.

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male genital muscle I [FBbt_00003552]

Muscle belonging to a pair of large muscle bundles connecting the anterior end of the phallapodeme and the base of aedeagal sheath + lateral gonocoxite, which work as the protractor muscles of the phallus and its associated structures. Activity of this muscle causes the penis to be protruded (Ferris, 1950).

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mesothoracic extracoxal depressor muscle 66 [FBbt_00003404]

Extracoxal depressor muscle of the adult mesothoracic trochanter. This large muscle attaches dorsally onto the lateral scutum, adjacent to the wing base. It extends ventrally to converge to a single tendon that attaches onto a medial projection of the trochanter within the coxa. This muscle is the principal executor of the jump response. It is innervated by the tergotrochanteral muscle motor neuron.

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