Tag: Neuron_projection_bundle

accessory pharyngeal nerve [FBbt_00004024]

The ~5um thick accessory pharyngeal nerve of the adult brain (Miller, 1950) contains axons connecting with the lower, anterior half of the adult head capsule including sensory organs along the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014). It fuses with the pharyngeal nerve in at their exit point from the gnathal ganglion, probably from the mandibular neuromere (Ito et al., 2014), but penetrate at a lower level into the space between the anterior cibarial plate and the dilator muscles. From here, the nerve enters the labrum to connect with its muscles and sense organs.

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accessory pharyngeal nerve projection [FBbt_00004007]

Projection of the sensory fibers that make up the accessory pharyngeal nerve in the adult tritocerebrum. The accessory pharyngeal nerve coalesces with the pharyngeal nerve, and the projections of these two nerves are located ventral to the esophagus. Fibers have a predominantly ipsilateral arborization. Two levels of arborization can be distinguished: dorsal and ventral. Better recorded as connected_to than part_of tritocerebrum? VH.

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adult abdominal nerve to the ovary [FBbt_00007336]

Paired nerve that branches from the abdominal nerve trunk and projects to the junction of the ovaries and the lateral oviduct where it branches repeatedly. Some branches radiate anteriorly across the peritoneal sheath, on which they terminate, mainly in the anterior two thirds of the ovary. Varicosities occur along these branches as well as at their ends. These branches do not penetrate the peritoneal sheath. Other branches innervate the lateral oviduct and the upper portion of the common oviduct. Two types of branches innervate the common oviduct - wandering fibers similar to those on the peritoneal sheath, and branches running circularly, parallel to the underlying myofibers.

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adult antennal nerve [FBbt_00003980]

Nerve that carries axons associated with the antenna and upper head capsule to the brain (It et al., 2014). Near its entrance to the brain it consists of about 1700-1800 axons (Stocker, 1979; Stocker and Gendre, 1988). Approximately 1100-1200 of these are sensory fibers from the third antennal segment, mainly axons from olfactory receptor neurons that project to the antennal lobe ventrally, at its antero-ventral corner (Stocker, 1979; Stocker and Gendre, 1988; Kamikouchi et al., 2006). The remaining 500-600 fibers stem mainly from Johnston’s organ neurons and mechanosensory sensilla of the anterior head capsule, which target neuropil domains outside of the antennal lobe, including the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Stocker, 1979; Kamikouchi et al., 2006). A few fibers from this nerve project to the gnathal ganglion and the ventrolateral protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014). Stocker and Gendre provide the antennal nerve afferent counts based on TEM micrographs (Stocker and Gendre, 1988). Gross projection patterns within the brain were elucidated by Holmes-Blest reduced silver impregnation (Stocker et al., 1990). That the antennal nerve is composed of some 1200 third antennal segments and 500-600 fibers stemming from the JON and mechanosensory sensilla is based on two lines of evidence: 24hours after amputation of the funiculus, degeneration is seen in all but 500-600 fibers entering the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Stocker et al., 1990); and Kamikouchi et al., (2006) used enhancer trap labelling and immunolabelling of JONs to trace their projections.

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adult antenno-subesophageal tract [FBbt_00007354]

Adult tract that emerges from the root of the maxillary-labial nerve in the inferior gnathal ganglion (GNG), connecting it to inferior-posterior surface of the antennal lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It contains axons of (mostly olfactory sensory) neurons projecting from the GNG to the antennal lobe (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult anterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047107]

Adult commissure found at the ventralmost margin of the anterior part of the neuromere, outside of the cell body rind (Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures, and is formed by the primary neurite bundles of hemilineage 1A (Court et al., 2020). There is one in each thoracic segment (Court et al., 2020).

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adult anterior dorsal commissure [FBbt_00007072]

A commissure located anterior and dorsal of the fan-shaped body which connects the two superior lateral protocerebrum synaptic neuropil domains of the adult brain. From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 65 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH & WP.

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adult anterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve [FBbt_00004060]

The largest and anterior-most of the two dorsal mesothoracic nerves (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It extends dorso-anteriorly from the ventral nerve cord and then dorso-laterally, bending around the anterior face of the anterior tergosternal muscles before splitting into branches that innervate the lateral muscles near the body wall, beneath the base of the wing (Power, 1948). It also sends a branch between the anterior tergosternal muscles (Power, 1948). As well as the coarse motor fibers, this nerve also carries fine sensory fibers from the wing (Power, 1948).

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adult anterior dorsal primary neurite tract 1 [FBbt_00049306]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior dorsal (AD) adult brain in the first clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AD tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior dorsal primary neurite tract 2 [FBbt_00049307]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior dorsal (AD) adult brain in the second clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AD tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047554]

Any adult ventral nerve cord commissure that develops from a larval anterior intermediate commissure. There are three of these in the prothoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres and two in the metathoracic neuromere (Court et al., 2020). They collectively contain fibers of hemilineages 7B, 8B, 10B and, in the mesothoracic and metathoracic neuromeres, 18B (Court et al., 2020).

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adult anterior longitudinal superior medial fascicle [FBbt_00049244]

Anterior part of the adult longitudinal superior medial fascicle that is formed by posterior projections of the DAMd2/3 lineages (Wong et al., 2013; Lovick et al., 2013). It innervates the superior intermediate protocerebrum, superior medial protocerebrum, and superior clamp (Wong et al., 2013).

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adult anterior optic tract [FBbt_00100337]

Tract that emerges from the medial part of the lobula (Ito et al., 2014). One branch ends in the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) whilst the other makes a medial turn to terminate in the superior medial posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP) of the adult brain (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundaries of the PVLP (lateral region), anterior VLP (superior and lateral region), AOTU (inferior-lateral region) and lateral horn (inferior region) (Ito et al., 2014). Fischbach and Lyly-Hunerberg, (1983), subdivide the anterior optic tract (AOT) into four sub-bundles: S1-S4. S1 consists of 100-110 think axons surrounded by ~60 large diameter neurons that form the S2 bundle. These bundles together occupy the proximal part of the AOT close to the neuropil of the lateral protocerebrum. S3 forms the lateral ventral part of the AOT and is formed by ~430 axons of small diameter that project into the anterior optic foci. S4 is composed of approximately 660 relatively small fibers.

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adult anterior superior lateral protocerebrum fascicle [FBbt_00100339]

Emerging from cells located in the lateral cell body region, the anterior superior lateral protocerebrum fascicle exhibits a J-shape and terminates in the boundary between the superior intermediate protocerebrum and the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) just posterior to the anterior optic tubercle of the adult brain (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the inferior boundary of the SLP with the superior intermediate protocerebrum, anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and superior clamp (Ito et al., 2014). Thought to be equivalent to (adult) trSA of Pereanu et al. (2010) based on characteristic shape/position and lateral lineage composition [FBC:CP].

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adult anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047559]

Any adult ventral nerve cord commissure that develops from a larval anterior ventral commissure. There are two of these in the prothoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres and three in the metathoracic neuromere (Court et al., 2020). They collectively contain fibers of hemilineages 1A, 13B and 14A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 1 [FBbt_00049299]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the first clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 3 [FBbt_00049301]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the third clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 4 [FBbt_00049302]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the fourth clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly local neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 5 [FBbt_00049303]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the fifth clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 6 [FBbt_00049304]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the sixth clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 7 [FBbt_00049305]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the seventh clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 8 [FBbt_00049684]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the eighth clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2020).

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adult anterior ventral primary neurite tract 9 [FBbt_00051751]

Primary neurite tract of the anterior ventral (AV) adult brain in the ninth clockwise position (from anterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of AV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019; Schlegel et al., 2021).

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adult cervical connective [FBbt_00004019]

Adult nerve connecting the brain to the ventral nerve cord (Ito et al., 2014; Court et al., 2020). It emerges from the posterior gnathal ganglion (Ito et al., 2014; Court et al., 2020) and consists of 4 bundles of neurites in two bilateral pairs (one dorsal pair, one ventral pair) (Power, 1948). It contains around 3700 axons (Phelps et al., 2021).

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adult cervical nerve [FBbt_00004053]

A bilaterally paired nerve that connects laterally to the cervical connective immediately posterior to where it enters the thorax (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). Each cervical nerve extends laterally, branching and innervating horizontal muscles of the anterior thorax (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). See figure 2 in Power, 1948. Not clear from literature whether this corresponds to blowfly ‘ventral cervical nerve’.

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adult dorsal cervical fasciculus [FBbt_00047531]

Bilaterally paired dorsal bundle of the cervical connective (Power, 1948). Once within the ventral nerve cord, it begins to divide into three tracts, dorsal lateral, intermediate, and dorsal median (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). As these tracts continue posteriorly they slope slightly ventrally and spread out widely through the dorsal tectulum (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult dorsal posterior protocerebral tract [FBbt_00049220]

A vertical axon tract of the adult brain that is formed by the DPMl1 lineage (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It descends to the subesophageal ganglion (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013). Tract not described by name in Lovick et al. (2013) or Wong et al. (2013), but listed as tract of DPMl1 in tables.

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adult external posterior lateral fascicle [FBbt_00052216]

External component of the adult posterior lateral fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013). It is composed of fibers of the BLP1/2 secondary lineages (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Existence of PLFe not reported for primary neurons of BLP1/2 in Hartenstein et al. (2015) - FBrf0229672.

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adult eye nerve [FBbt_00052786]

Nerve that connects the eye with the subesophageal zone (Hampel et al., 2017; Eichler et al., 2023). It carries the projections of mechanosensory neurons of interommatidial bristles and other bristles around the posterior and ventral head (Eichler et al., 2023). It merges with the labial nerve near the brain and enters at the same point in the ventral subesophageal zone (Eichler et al., 2023).

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adult first abdominal nerve [FBbt_00004105]

Nerve that apparently emerges from the adult metathoracic neuromere but contains axons that originate/terminate in the first abdominal neuromere (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). The nerve exits laterally just dorsal to the exit of the metathoracic leg nerve and projects dorsolaterally (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult great commissure [FBbt_00007080]

Commissure of the adult brain located ventral to the fan-shaped body and posterior to the noduli (Ito et al., 2014). It connects the left and right ventrolateral protocerebra, and its main component connects the lobula of both optic lobes (Ito et al., 2014). The commissure also contains many other fibers that connect different neuropils (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundaries of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (posterior region), posterior lateral protocerebrum (anterior region), noduli (posterior region), inferior bridge (anterior region), superior posterior slope (anterior region), vest (posterior-superior region), epaulette (posterior region) and gorget (inferior region) (Ito et al., 2014). From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 93 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH & WP.

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adult labial nerve [FBbt_00004028]

Mixed sensory-motor nerve that innervates the adult gnathal ganglion (GNG) (Ito et al., 2014). It contains ~195 axons from sensory cells of the labium that enter labial neuromere of the GNG and GNG motor neurons travelling to the labial musculature (Nayak and Singh, 1985; Ito et al., 2014). Proximally, it gives off branches to the rostrum and haustellum, and the labellar glands and sense organs (Miller, 1950). The labial nerve is anastomosed with the maxillary nerve (forming the maxillary-labial nerve) until the latter branches off to the maxillary palpus (Nayak and Singh, 1985; Ito et al., 2014).

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adult lateral antennal lobe tract [FBbt_00003983]

Tract that emerges from the posterior ventral part of the antennal lobe, at the horizontal level of the top of the V glomerulus (ventral root). It runs posteriorly, turns dorsolaterally and runs through the ventrolateral protocerebrum to project to the medial periphery of the lateral horn. It contains axons of antennal lobe projection neurons. Two small tracts branch from the main lALT, where it intersects the commissure of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center and ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP). One (l4ALT) turns dorsolaterally, ran parallel to the lALT and terminates in the central and posterior dorsomedial VLP; the other (l5ALT) turns ventrolaterally and arborizes in the posterior ventral part of the VLP. Some of the projection neurons that fasciculate with the lALT send collateral branches to the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) via the lateral section of the posterior lateral fascicle (PLF) and to the ring neuropil via the superior section of the PLF (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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adult lateral ellipsoid fascicle [FBbt_00003667]

A transverse tract within the protocerebrum of the adult brain that is connected to the inferior medial/lateral protocerebrum and the central complex (Strausfeld, 1976; Lovick et al., 2013). It passes ventral to the mushroom body medial lobe (Lovick et al., 2013). It connects the bulb and the fan-shaped body (Ito et al., 2014). From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 83,79 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH.

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adult lateral equatorial fascicle [FBbt_00100343]

Fascicle of the adult that emerges from the lateral posterior rind region and ends in the inferiormost part of the inferior clamp (Ito et al., 2014). It is thinner than and runs laterally parallel to the medial equatorial fascicle (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundaries of the inferior clamp (inferior-lateral region), posterior lateral protocerebrum (medial region), superior posterior slope (superior-lateral), and gorget (lateral region) (Ito et al., 2014). It is subdivided into anterior and posterior tracts (Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult lateral posterior superior transverse fascicle [FBbt_00049206]

Lateral component of the posterior superior transverse fascicle in the adult brain. It is formed by the DPLl1 lineage (Lovick et al., 2013) and demarcates the boundary between the lateral horn and the superior lateral protocerebrum (Pereanu et al, 2010).

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adult leg nerve [FBbt_00049553]

Large nerve of the adult that carries motor and sensory fibers between a leg and a thoracic neuromere of the ventral nerve cord (Power, 1948; Phelps et al., 2021). There are more sensory axons than motor neurons by an order of magnitude and the two types are mostly segregated into different domains within the nerve (Phelps et al., 2021).

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adult longitudinal superior lateral fascicle [FBbt_00049239]

Longitudinal (anterior-posterior) fascicle of the adult brain that belongs to the group of fiber bundles that separate the superior protocerebrum from the inferior neuropils (inferior protocerebrum) (Lovick et al., 2013). It is a thick bundle, lateral to the longitudinal superior medial fascicle, and it contains axons of DPLl2/3 lineages (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013).

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adult longitudinal superior medial fascicle [FBbt_00049236]

Longitudinal (anterior-posterior) fascicle of the adult brain that belongs to the group of fiber bundles that separate the superior protocerebrum from the inferior neuropils (inferior protocerebrum) (Lovick et al., 2013). It is medial to the longitudinal superior lateral fascicle and contains axons of several DPM and CP lineages (Wong et al., 2013). May be equivalent to or overlap the superior fiber system (SFS), which has a similar medial location between the superior protocerebrum and inferior protocerebrum (inferior neuropils) in Ito et al., 2014 (FBrf0224194) [FBC:CP].

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adult longitudinal ventral fascicle [FBbt_00049253]

Large longitudinal fascicle of the adult brain, found ventral to the medial and lateral equatorial fascicles, that separates the ventrolateral and ventromedial cerebrum (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Anteriorly it has three (medial, intermediate and lateral) components, which converge in the middle of the ventral cerebrum forming a ventral fibrous center (Lovick et al., 2013). Beyond this, the medial component passes into the cervical connective and the posterior-lateral component (formed by posterior lineages) extends directly posterior (Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult longitudinal ventral intermediate fascicle [FBbt_00049251]

Intermediate component of the anterior part of the longitudinal ventral fascicle in the adult brain (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is formed from the BAlc ventral hemilineage and it innervates the antenno-mechanosensory and motor centre and the inferior ventrolateral cerebrum, a branch also enters the great commissure (Wong et al., 2013; Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult longitudinal ventral medial fascicle [FBbt_00049257]

Medial component of the anterior part of the longitudinal ventral fascicle, formed from BAmv1/2 lineages (Wong et al., 2013; Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It passes underneath the antennal lobe and posteriorly through the ventromedial cerebrum, running posteromedially into the cervical connective (Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult longitudinal ventral posterior-lateral fascicle [FBbt_00049259]

Posterior lateral component of the longitudinal ventral fascicle that is formed from CM lineages (Wong et al., 2013; Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It extends anteriorly, to the confluence formed by anterior branches of the longitudinal ventral fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult maxillary nerve [FBbt_00004043]

Mixed sensory-motor nerve that innervates the adult gnathal ganglion (GNG) (Ito et al., 2014). It contains ~120 axons from the sensory cells of the maxillary appendages entering the maxillary neuromere of the GNG and GNG motor axons travelling to maxillary musculature (Nayak and Singh, 1985; Ito et al., 2014). The maxillary nerve is fused with the labial nerve for much of its length, forming the maxillary-labial nerve (Ito et al., 2014). Miller, (1950) considers the maxillary nerve to be a branch of the compound maxillary-labial nerve. More recent studies (e.g. Rajashekhar and Singh (1994), or Nayak and Singh (1985)) consider the maxillary nerve and labial nerve to be separate anastomosing nerves.

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adult maxillary-labial nerve root [FBbt_00004008]

Continuation of fibers from the adult maxillary-labial nerve into the brain (Kendroud et al., 2018). There are four main roots, which develop from their larval counterparts and have a similar entry point, close to the boundary between the maxillary and labial neuromeres (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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adult medial antennal lobe tract [FBbt_00003985]

A tract of about 200 axons that emerges from the posterior dorsomedial area of the antennal lobe (dorsomedial root), the same root as the mediolateral antennal lobe tract (mlALT) and transverse antennal lobe tract (tALT). It runs dorsoposteriorly along the posterior surface of the fan-shaped body, turns laterally in front of the protocerebral bridge, passes in front of the mushroom body calyx and terminates in the lateral horn. It contains axons of antennal lobe projection neurons, some of which terminate in the main calyx and dorsal accessory calyx (Yagi et al., 2016). It demarcates the boundaries of the lateral accessory lobe (medial region), vest (superior region), epaulette (medial region), fan-shaped body (lateral region), gorget (superior region), inferior clamp (lateral and superior-lateral regions), inferior bridge (superior-lateral region), antler (lateral region), superior clamp (posterior-superior region), mushroom body calyx (anterior region) and superior lateral protocerebrum (inferior region). Two smaller tracts branch from the main mALT. One contains several branches and begins near the medial surface of the mushroom body calyx, projects anteriorly and terminates in the ring neuropil. The second tract begins in front of the mushroom body calyx and projects into it. Some of the projection neurons that fasciculate with the mALT send collateral branches to the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) via the lateral section of the posterior lateral fascicle (PLF) and to the ring neuropil via the superior section of the PLF (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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adult medial equatorial fascicle [FBbt_00100342]

Thick fascicle of the adult brain that emerges from cells in the medial posterior rind region below the mushroom body calyx (several lineages) and also contains fibers from the protocerebral bridge (Ito et al., 2014). It branches out in the region inferior-lateral to the fan-shaped body and demarcates the boundaries of the inferior bridge (lateral region), inferior clamp (superior-medial), superior posterior slope (superior region), gorget (superior region) and fan-shaped body (inferior-lateral region) (Ito et al., 2014). This fascicle corresponds to the protocerebral bridge-lateral protuberance tract. The name was changed because the fascicle contains many fibers that are not derived from the protocerebral bridge and because the term protuberance is no longer used (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult median bundle [FBbt_00003683]

Prominent tract located in the anterior midline of the adult brain (Ito et al., 2014). It emerges as a paired tract from a broad area around the esophagus, merging into a single tract at the tip of the flange and terminates in the superior medial protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014). It contains fibers from neurons of the pars intercerebralis and axons projecting to the SMP and the crepine (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult mediolateral antennal lobe tract [FBbt_00003984]

Tract that arises from the posterior dorsomedial antennal lobe and shares the same root with the medial antennal lobe tract (mALT) and transverse antennal lobe tract (tALT) (dorsomedial root). It connects the antennal lobe and the lateral horn directly, bypassing the mushroom body main calyx. It contains axons of antennal lobe projection neurons, some of which terminate in the lateral accessory calyx (Yagi et al., 2016). Neuronal fibers of the mlALT run together with the medial antennal lobe tract (mALT) and separate from it at the level of the ventrolateral surface of the fan-shaped body, turn laterally, run below the mushroom body pedunculus and project to the lateral horn. It demarcates the boundaries of the fan-shaped body (anterior region), lateral accessory lobe (posterior region), epaulette (superior region), inferior clamp (anterior-superior region) and mushroom body pedunculus (inferior region). It is formed by axons of the BAla1 lineage (Wong et al., 2013). One smaller tract (ml4ALT) branches from the mlALT at the mushroom body peduncle, runs posteriorly through the peduncle to terminate in the mushroom body calyx. Some of the projection neurons that fasciculate with the mlALT send collateral branches to the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) via the lateral section of the posterior lateral fascicle (PLF) and to the ring neuropil via the superior section of the PLF (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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adult mesothoracic accessory nerve [FBbt_00004062]

A nerve that arises from the lateroposterior side of the mesothoracic neuromere at a point anterior to the root of the haltere nerve (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It extends posteriorly and slightly dorsally and laterally, around the anterior wings of the mesofurca, before branching (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). One branch innervates the furcoentopleural muscles (muscles 59 and 60) and the other innervates laterally placed muscles, anterior to the halteres (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic anterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047548]

Thin commissure of a few fibers (Power, 1948) that is derived from the larval mesothoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by primary neurite bundles of hemilineage 1A (Court et al., 2020). It is found at the ventralmost margin of the mesothoracic neuromere, outside of the cell body rind, at the anterior of the neuromere (Court et al., 2020). Power’s (1948) accessory prothoracic commissure is the mesothoracic anterior anterior ventral commissure in Court et al. (2020).

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adult mesothoracic anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047546]

Curved commissure of the mesothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948). Its distal ends arise near the posterolateral sides of the neuromere (Power, 1948). It is formed of fibers of hemilineages 7B and 8B and crosses the midline posterior to the hemilineage 2A neurites (Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval mesothoracic anterior intermediate commissure, which segregates into this and two other commissures (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00048483]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 5B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most anterior of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic dorsal anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047467]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 18B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline anterior to hemilineage 2A fibers (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic dorsal posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00048482]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 19B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most dorsal of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere and it crosses the midline close to, but anterior to, the mesothoracic posterior dorsal commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic leg nerve [FBbt_00004063]

A nerve that arises from a ventral protuberance on the adult mesothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It splits at its base, with a small number of fibers innervating a ventral muscle that is posterior-lateral to the tergal depressor of the trochanter and the rest projecting into the mesothoracic leg (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). This might sensibly be treated as two nerves sharing a root (see Power, 1948).

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adult mesothoracic posterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047547]

Commissure found at the anterior of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that crosses the midline posterior to the hemilineage 2A primary neurites (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). It is 2-3 times the width of the mesothoracic anterior anterior ventral commissure (Power, 1948). It is derived from the larval mesothoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures (Court et al., 2020). It is formed of lineages 13B and 14A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic posterior dorsal commissure [FBbt_00047540]

Commissure formed from fibers of the anterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve projecting medially to the contralateral side of the mesothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948). Fibers that pass through this commissure may arborize in the posterior mesothoracic neuromere or the anterior metathoracic neuromere or join the contralateral mesothoracic accessory nerve or haltere nerve (Power, 1948). It is the dorsalmost commissure of the mesothoracic neuromere, and runs through the upper tectulum (Court et al., 2020). It develops from the larval mesothoracic posterior dorsal commissure and it contains the axons of hemilineage 6A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic posterior posterior intermediate anterior commissure [FBbt_00048484]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by hemilineage 6B neurites, which cross the midline slightly anterior to the posterior posterior intermediate posterior commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is slightly posterior and ventral to the mesothoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic posterior posterior intermediate posterior commissure [FBbt_00048485]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by hemilineage 12B and 23B neurites, which cross the midline slightly posterior to the posterior posterior intermediate anterior commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is slightly posterior and ventral to the mesothoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult mesothoracic ventral anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047468]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval mesothoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 10B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline anterior to hemilineage 2A fibers (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic anterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047550]

Commissure found at the ventralmost margin of the metathoracic neuromere, outside of the cell body rind, at the anterior of the neuromere (Court et al., 2020). It curves towards the anterior in the medial part of the commissure (Power, 1948). It is derived from the larval metathoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures, and is formed by primary neurite bundles of hemilineage 1A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047529]

Commissure of the anterior metathoracic neuromere that carries fibers from the intermediate tract of the dorsal fascicle and the haltere nerve to the contralateral side of the adult ventral nerve cord (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). After crossing the midline, fibers join the contralateral haltere nerve and proceed in their original (anterior or posterior) direction (Power, 1948). It is formed of fibers of hemilineages 7B, 8B and 18B and is the largest commissure of the ventral nerve cord (Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval metathoracic anterior intermediate commissure, which segregates into this and a ventral anterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047328]

Commissure of the adult metathoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval metathoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 5B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most anterior of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic dorsal posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047327]

Commissure of the adult metathoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval metathoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 19B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most dorsal of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere and it crosses the midline close to, but anterior to, the metathoracic posterior dorsal commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic posterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047448]

Commissure found at the anterior of the adult metathoracic neuromere that crosses the midline posterior to the hemilineage 2A primary neurites (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval metathoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures (Court et al., 2020). Unlike in other neuromeres, the axons are pulled apart to form two distinct metathoracic posterior anterior ventral commissures (Court et al., 2020). These are collectively formed of lineages 13B and 14A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic posterior posterior intermediate anterior commissure [FBbt_00047570]

Commissure of the adult metathoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval metathoracic posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by hemilineage 6B neurites, which cross the midline slightly anterior to the posterior posterior intermediate posterior commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is slightly posterior and ventral to the metathoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic posterior posterior intermediate posterior commissure [FBbt_00047571]

Commissure of the adult metathoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval metathoracic posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by hemilineage 12B and 23B neurites, which cross the midline slightly posterior to the posterior posterior intermediate anterior commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is slightly posterior and ventral to the metathoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult metathoracic ventral anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047152]

Commissure of the adult mesothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval metathoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 10B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline anterior to hemilineage 2A fibers (Court et al., 2020).

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adult oblique posterior fascicle [FBbt_00049266]

Conspicuous landmark tract of the adult brain that crosses over the mushroom body pedunculus immediately in front of the calyx, then turns anteriorly and joins the longitudinal superior medial fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013). It is formed of dorsal components of CP lineages and DPLp1/2 lineages (Lovick et al., 2013).

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adult pharyngeal nerve [FBbt_00004021]

The pharyngeal nerve of the adult brain is 7um thick and contains axons connecting with the lower, anterior half of the adult head capsule including sensory organs along the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014). It fuses with the accessory pharyngeal nerve at its exit from the gnathal ganglion, probably from the mandibular neuromere (Ito et al., 2014). After branching to the cibarial sense organ, it loops beneath cibarial muscle 9 near the cibarial-esophageal junction to anastomose medially with the stomodeal nerve and the contralateral pharyngeal nerve. From the region of these anastomoses a single median nerve extends ventrally and gives a number of branches to the dilator muscle of the cibarial pump (Miller, 1950).

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adult posterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047136]

Adult commissure found at the anterior of the neuromere that crosses the midline posterior to the hemilineage 2A primary neurites (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). In the prothoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres the axons form a single commissure but in the metathoracic neuromere the axons are pulled apart to form two distinct commissures (Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures (Court et al., 2020).

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adult posterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve [FBbt_00004061]

A nerve that arises from the adult ventral nerve cord, just posterior to the root of the anterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It projects posteriolaterally before branching, with one branch innervating the tergal depressor of the trochanter (muscle 66), while the other branch forms further, terminal branches that innervate targets including the dorsal medial muscle (dorsal longitudinal muscle) (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult posterior dorsal primary neurite tract 2 [FBbt_00049312]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior dorsal (PD) adult brain in the second clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PD tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior dorsal primary neurite tract 3 [FBbt_00049313]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior dorsal (PD) adult brain in the third clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PD tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly local neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior dorsal primary neurite tract 4 [FBbt_00049314]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior dorsal (PD) adult brain in the fourth clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PD tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly local neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047558]

Any adult ventral nerve cord commissure that develops from a larval posterior intermediate commissure. There are three of these in the prothoracic neuromere and four in the mesothoracic and metathoracic neuromeres (Court et al., 2020). They collectively contain fibers of hemilineages 5B, 6B, 12B, 19B and 23B (Court et al., 2020).

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adult posterior lateral fascicle [FBbt_00007083]

An arch-like bundle of neuronal fibers in the adult brain connecting the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and the superior intermediate protocerebrum (SIP) (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundary between the superior clamp and lateral horn/superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) (Ito et al., 2014). The posterior lateral fascicle makes a steep curve near the anterior medial edge of the lateral horn (LH), where it narrowly intersects the trajectories of the mALT, mlALT and lALT. It can be divided into two sections: the lateral section between the PLP and the LH tip, and the superior section between the LH tip and the SIP (Tanaka et al., 2012). Some of the olfactory projection neurons send collateral branches to the PLP via the lateral section of the posterior lateral fascicle, and to the SIP via the superior section of the posterior lateral fascicle (Tanaka et al., 2012). From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 99 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH.

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adult posterior posterior lateral protocerebrum commissure [FBbt_00100355]

Commissure running above the esophagus and below the inferior bridge, connecting the middle levels of the posterior lateral protocerebrum in the adult (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundary between the inferior bridge and superior posterior slope (Ito et al., 2014).

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adult posterior ventral primary neurite tract 2 [FBbt_00049289]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior ventral (PV) adult brain in the second clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly local neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior ventral primary neurite tract 3 [FBbt_00049290]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior ventral (PV) adult brain in the third clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior ventral primary neurite tract 4 [FBbt_00049291]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior ventral (PV) adult brain in the fourth clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly local neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult posterior ventral primary neurite tract 5 [FBbt_00049292]

Primary neurite tract of the posterior ventral (PV) adult brain in the fifth clockwise position (from posterior perspective), from ventrolateral to dorsal to ventromedial, of PV tracts that enter the lateral horn (Frechter et al., 2019). Lateral horn neurons that enter the neuropil via this tract are predominantly output neurons (Frechter et al., 2019).

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adult prothoracic accessory nerve [FBbt_00004056]

An adult nerve that connects to the prothoracic neuromere slightly posterior and ventral to the anterior prothoracic chordotonal organ and slightly dorsal to the root of the ventral prothoracic nerves (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It extends laterally and dorsally almost to the lateral body wall before branching to innervate obliquely placed vertical muscles (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic anterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047133]

Commissure found at the ventralmost margin of the prothoracic neuromere, outside of the cell body rind, at the anterior of the neuromere (Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval prothoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures, and is formed by primary neurite bundles of hemilineage 1A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic anterior intermediate anterior commissure [FBbt_00047317]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 8B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline posterior to hemilineage 2A fibers and anterior to the anterior intermediate posterior commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic anterior intermediate posterior commissure [FBbt_00047318]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 7B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline posterior to hemilineage 2A fibers and posterior to the anterior intermediate anterior commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00048157]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 5B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most anterior of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic dorsal posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00048155]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic posterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 19B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It is the most dorsal of the adult posterior intermediate commissures in this neuromere and it crosses the midline close to, but anterior to, the prothoracic posterior dorsal commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic leg nerve [FBbt_00007657]

A nerve that carries a mix of motor and sensory fibers from the prothoracic leg to the adult prothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). Each nerve extends laterally and slightly anteriorly from a slight swelling at the lower anterior corner of the ventral-anterior region of the prothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic posterior anterior ventral commissure [FBbt_00047144]

Commissure found at the anterior of the adult prothoracic neuromere that crosses the midline posterior to the hemilineage 2A primary neurites (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). It is derived from the larval prothoracic anterior ventral commissure, which becomes segregated into two (anterior and posterior) adult commissures (Court et al., 2020). It is formed of lineages 13B and 14A (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic posterior posterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00048156]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is formed by hemilineage 6B, 12B and 23B neurons, which remain closely-associated in this neuromere and cross the midline as a single commissure (Court et al., 2020). It is found slightly posterior and ventral to the prothoracic anterior posterior intermediate commissure (Court et al., 2020).

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adult prothoracic ventral anterior intermediate commissure [FBbt_00047146]

Commissure of the adult prothoracic neuromere that is derived from the larval prothoracic anterior intermediate commissure and is formed by hemilineage 10B neurons (Court et al., 2020). It crosses the midline anterior to hemilineage 2A fibers (Court et al., 2020).

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adult recurrent nerve [FBbt_00100332]

The adult recurrent nerve runs from the frontal ganglion posteriorly along the esophagus and foregut (Ito et al., 2014). It contains fibers of the enteric nervous system (Ito et al., 2014). It does not connect to the brain (Ito et al., 2014). Rajashekhar and Singh (1994) consider the recurrent nerve to consist of the nerve tract extending from the frontal ganglion only to the point where the pharyngeal nerve and stomodeal nerve separate, whilst Ito et al., (FlyBase:FBrf0224194) appear to consider the adult recurrent nerve as extending from the frontal ganglion to the foregut. We adopt the latter definition.

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adult second abdominal nerve [FBbt_00004106]

Nerve that apparently emerges in the dorsalmost region of the adult metathoracic neuromere but contains axons that originate/terminate in the second abdominal neuromere (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). The nerve projects postero-laterally to the most posterior-lateral corner of the thorax, where it innervates transverse tubular muscles (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). This nerve also contains the afferent fibers from a multiscolophorous organ located on the ventral surface of the second abdominal segment (Shepherd and Smith, 1996; Court et al., 2020).

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adult stomodeal nerve [FBbt_00004048]

Nerve arising from the corpus cardiacum (Rajashekhar and Singh, 1994), located along the dorsal surface of the esophagus. After it exits from the esophageal canal it loops ventrally and anastomoses with the pharyngeal nerve to form the recurrent nerve (Rajashekhar and Singh, 1994). It enters the tritocerebrum, ascends dorsally and arborizes near the midline. Kankel et al. (1980) describe this nerve as arising from the posterior region of the stomodeal ganglion.

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adult superior posterior lateral protocerebrum commissure [FBbt_00007077]

Commissure of the adult brain that is located dorsal to the mushroom body pedunculus and between the fan-shaped body and antler (Ito et al., 2014). It passes near the lateral horn but does not enter the neuropil (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundary between the superior and inferior clamp (Ito et al., 2014). From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 63 & 99 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH, and named as ‘commissure of lateral horn’ due to its apparent connection to the lateral horns. However, Ito et al., (FlyBase:FBrf0224194) argue that this commissure passes near the lateral horn but does not actually enter the neuropil. Instead it bends downwards in its lateral parts and connects superior areas of the posterior lateral protocerebrum.

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adult transverse antennal lobe tract [FBbt_00007482]

Smaller tract that shares a common root (dorsomedial root) with the medial antennal lobe tract (mALT) and mediolateral antennal lobe tract (mlALT) and connects the antennal lobe to the mushroom body calyx, lateral horn or posterior lateral protocerebrum. Fibers can run above, through or below the mushroom body pedunculus, running posterior to the fan-shaped body. The tract contains around 60 fibers. Some of the projection neurons that fasciculate with the tALT send collateral branches to the ring neuropil via the superior section of the posterior lateral fascicle (PLF) (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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adult transverse nerve [FBbt_00111323]

Thin, peripheral adult nerve that branches from the segmental nerve in the dorsal midline of the thoracico-abdominal of each abdominal neuromere. Each transverse nerve from A1 to A5 extends obliquely forward to the next preceding abdominal neuromere where it terminates on the alary muscles of the heart chamber.

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adult ventral cervical fasciculus [FBbt_00047532]

Bilaterally paired ventral bundle of the cervical connective (Power, 1948). Upon entering the brain, it divides into two (medial and lateral) tracts (Power, 1948). Upon entering the anterior ventral nerve cord it turns slightly ventrally, then, in the prothoracic neuromere, it divides into two main tracts, dorsal lateral and ventral median (Power, 1948).

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adult ventral prothoracic nerve [FBbt_00004057]

A nerve that carries fibers from two clusters of microchaetae on the prothoracic coxa and to motor neuron fibers from lateral anterior muscles (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It connects to the prothoracic neuromere just dorsal to the root of the prothoracic leg nerve and branches about halfway along its length into a motor branch that stays within the body and a sensory branch that projects to the leg (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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anterior cerebro-cervical fascicle [FBbt_00100346]

The anterior cerebro-cervical fascicle derives from the inferior medial part of the cervical connective (Ito et al., 2014). It runs by the posterior maxillary sensory center (PMS) and converges to the inferior fiber system (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundary between the flange and saddle (Ito et al., 2014).

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anterior superior transverse fascicle [FBbt_00049199]

Anteriormost of three transverse (medial-lateral) fascicles found between the superior and inferior protocerebrum (Pereanu et al, 2010). It has a conspicuous U-shape that demarcates the boundary of the superior lateral protocerebrum (Pereanu et al, 2010). It is formed by fibers of the DPLal lineages (Pereanu et al, 2010).

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antero-basal tract [FBbt_00007128]

Tract of the larval brain which is connected to the baso-anterior synaptic neuropil domain (BA; antennal compartment). This tract travels along the neuropil glial sheath which forms the boundary between baso-anterior (BA) and baso-central (BC) synaptic neuropil domains. The tract then turns dorsally to make the antennal root of the antenno-cerebral tract (ACT).

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central anastomosing tract [FBbt_00001636]

Tract of the embryonic protocerebrum. It is formed from an interchange of axons between the medial/lateral cervical tracts and the lateral protocerebral tract. Before approaching the midline, bundles of axons branch off the lateral protocerebral tract and join the medial/lateral cervical tracts. This tract might correspond to the pioneer of the antennocerebral tract (Nassif et al., 1998).

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CI fascicle [FBbt_00111638]

Longitudinal fascicle of the larval ventral nerve cord found in a central position on the dorsal-ventral axis and an intermediate position on the medial-lateral axis (Landgraf et al., 2003). This fascicle is loosely organized, and contains three distinct tracts, the C1, C2 and C3 fascicles (Landgraf et al., 2003; Zlatic et al., 2003).

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costal nerve [FBbt_00100123]

Nerve that travels through the costal vein of the proximal wing margin (Palka et al., 1979), it remains distinct from the combined L1-L3 nerve until both nerves leave the wing via the anterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve (Murray et al., 1984). It is composed of axons collected from the marginal sensilla of the distal, medial and proximal costa, as well as the tegula (Palka et al., 1979).

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dorsal lateral tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus [FBbt_00047533]

Most lateral continuation of fibers from the dorsal cervical fascicle into the adult ventral nerve cord (Power, 1948). It travels dorsally and laterally across the prothoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres (Power, 1948). Some large elements enter the metathoracic neuromere and a few fibers are passed to the haltere nerve, leaving only a few small fibers to reach the dorsal parts of the abdominal neuropil (Power, 1948). It contains axons of descending neurons that innervate the neck, wing, haltere and leg neuropils (Namiki et al., 2018).

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dorsal median tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus [FBbt_00047535]

Most medial continuation of fibers from the dorsal cervical fascicle into the adult ventral nerve cord (Power, 1948). It bows laterally in the mesothoracic region, but returns medially as it passes through the narrow region between the mesothoracic and metathoracic neuromeres (Power, 1948). At the level of the haltere nerve, it turns to run lateroposteriorly, giving off collaterals in the metathoracic neuromere and entering the metathoracic leg nerve (Power, 1948). It passes below the commissure of fine fibers, but above the metathoracic anterior intermediate (haltere) commissure (Power, 1948). It contains the projections of a large number of descending neurons that innervate both the dorsal and ventral tectulum and the leg neuropils (Namiki et al., 2018).

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EA bundle of antennal mechanosensory and motor center [FBbt_00100006]

Bundle, devoid of presynaptic sites, formed from one branch of the final, most posterior bifurcation of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) main trunk (MT). The other side of the bifurcation gives rise to the lateral core of the AMMC (LC). It is directly connected to zone E of the AMMC and consists of the projections of zone E Johnston’s organ neurons. DISAMBIGUATION: Kamikouchi et al., 2006, refer to this as part of zone E, however we use AMMC zone E to refer only to the synapse rich region anterior to the EA. Evidence that EA bundle of AMMC lacks presynaptic sites is based on negative anti-syntaxin immunolabelling and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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embryonic/larval abdominal 8 nerve [FBbt_00002606]

Nerve of larval abdominal segment 8. This nerve has three roots, two of which are in positions corresponding the roots of the segmental and intersegmental nerves in A1-7. It follows a path similar to that of the nerve of larval abdominal segment 9, which contains some fibers that originate in the roots of the A8 nerve. It carries motor neurons that innervate the ventral longitudinal and lateral transverse muscles of A8. It also carries sensory afferents from the spiracular hairs and from the following A8 sensilla: DMSOp, ALSOp, lch3, DMSOh.

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embryonic/larval antennal nerve [FBbt_00001965]

Nerve that carries axons from larval sense organs in the head, including the dorsal organ, to the larval antennal lobe (Kendroud et al., 2018). It also carries a small number of axons to the anterior tritocerebrum, foreshadowing the position of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center in the adult (Kendroud et al., 2018).

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embryonic/larval cervical connective [FBbt_00001922]

Longitudinal connective of the embryonic/larval nervous system that forms the anterior continuation of several tracts of the ventral nerve cord into the brain after they anastomose in the subesophageal ganglion (Nassif et al., 1998; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is composed of three tracts; the lateral, posterior and medial cervical tracts (Nassif et al., 1998; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Dorsally, after passing the foregut, it branches into the supraesophageal commissure and protocerebral connective (Nassif et al., 1998). The antennal nerve and the frontal connective branch off the cervical connective in the deutocerebrum (Nassif et al., 1998).

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embryonic/larval frontal nerve [FBbt_00002630]

Unpaired larval nerve that travels in the median cleft between the dorsal pharyngeal muscles (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Fine fibers from this nerve innervate these muscles (Schoofs et al., 2010). It is connected to the frontal ganglion (frontal nerve junction) (Schoofs et al., 2010).

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embryonic/larval labral nerve [FBbt_00001966]

Nerve of the larval head that carries axons from the labral sense organs (epiphysis, dorsopharyngeal organ and pharyngeal chordotonal organ) to the tritocerebrum (Schmidt-Ott et al., 1994; Hartenstein et al., 2018; Kendroud et al., 2018). It joins the hypopharyngeal nerve and the frontal connective to form the pharyngeal nerve (Hartenstein et al., 2018; Kendroud et al., 2018).

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embryonic/larval mediolateral antennal lobe tract [FBbt_00049263]

Tract of the larva that is formed by axons of the BAla1 lineage (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It separates from the other ALT tracts and extends laterally, terminating in the inferior protocerebrum surrounding the mushroom body pedunculus (Hartenstein et al., 2015).

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embryonic/larval optic stalk [FBbt_00001931]

Receptor axons that arise in the eye disc gain access to the developing optic lobe in the supraesophageal hemisphere in the embryonic/larval brain by way of the optic stalk connecting these two structures. The optic stalk is tube-like and provides a funnel through which not only the imaginal receptor axons reach the brain, but also the axons of Bolwig’s nerve (Meinertzhagen and Hanson, 1993).

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fascicle of optic foci [FBbt_00007085]

Longitudinal tract of the adult midbrain connecting anterior and posterior domains within the ventro-lateral protocerebrum and deutocerebrum. From Strausfeld (FlyBase:FBrf0239233, FlyBase:FBrf0239234) pg 99 in Musca Domestica. Confirmed as present in Drosophila melanogaster by VH & WP, but possible disagreement (or terminology clash) between VH and WP. WP has it connecting optic foci to great commissure.

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haltere tract [FBbt_00049638]

Tract formed from the continuation of sensory fibers from the dorsal metathoracic (haltere) nerve into the metathoracic neuromere extending towards the cervical connective (Court et al., 2020). It feeds into the intermediate tract of the dorsal cervical fasciculus in the mesothoracic neuromere as its lateral component (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). The tract has small arborizations with some of the fibers bending anterolaterally to become part of the haltere commissure in the metathoracic neuromere, while others turn ventrally and straggle into the dorsolateral part of the mesothoracic neuromere where they are quickly lost (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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horizontal ventrolateral protocerebral fascicle [FBbt_00100340]

Emerging from cells located in the lateral cell body region, the horizontal ventrolateral protocerebral fascicle terminates in an area between the lateral accessory lobe, inferior clamp and epaulette (Ito et al., 2014). It contains fibers projecting towards the inferior and ventromedial neuropils (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundaries of the lateral accessory lobe (posterior region), inferior clamp (inferior region) and epaulette (superior region) (Ito et al., 2014).

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intermediate tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus [FBbt_00047534]

Intermediate continuation of fibers from the dorsal cervical fascicle into the adult ventral nerve cord (Power, 1948). It runs dorsally through the prothoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres (Power, 1948). Towards the posterior, it becomes subdivided into two separate tracts, with the inner tract turning abruptly medially to form the commissure of fine fibers of the ITD in the mesothoracic neuromere (Power, 1948). The larger, more lateral subdivision splits again more posteriorly, with fibers of the lateral division entering the dorsal metathoracic (haltere) nerve (via the haltere tract) and fibers of the medial division entering the metathoracic anterior intermediate (haltere) commissure (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). Court et al. (2020) refer to the medial subdivision (ITD-CFF) of this tract as being the new ITD, but do not provide a replacement name for this combined tract.

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intermediate tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus - commissure of fine fibers [FBbt_00047839]

Medialmost subdivision of the intermediate tract of the dorsal cervical fasciculus that feeds into the commissure of fine fibers (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020). It contains the axons of many descending neurons that terminate widely in neck, wing, haltere and leg neuropils (Namiki et al 2018; Court et al., 2020). Court et al. (2020) refer to this medial subdivision of the intermediate tract of the dorsal cervical fasciculus (ITD) as being the new ITD.

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intermediate tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus - haltere commissure [FBbt_00047838]

Tract formed by axons of hemilineage 8B interneurons as they extend anteriorly from the metathoracic anterior intermediate (haltere) commissure towards the cervical connective (Court et al., 2020). It feeds into the intermediate tract of the dorsal cervical fasciculus (ITD) as its intermediate component (Power, 1948; Court et al., 2020).

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Johnston organ bundle of antennal nerve [FBbt_00100001]

Bundle formed from the fasciculated axons of the Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs) within the antennal nerve (AN). The JONs form two bundles (dorsolateral and medioventral) within the antennal nerve by the point it reaches the base of antennal segment 1 (a1/scape). Shortly before entering the brain, these two bundles combine and spread over a large area of the AN cross-section. Upon entering the brain, the JONs predominantly occupy the ventral part of the AN. At the ventrolateral side of the antennal lobe, the bundle bifurcates. One side of the bifurcation gives rise to the main trunk of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The other side defasciculates and innervates zone A of the AMMC.

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larval abdominal 1 transverse nerve [FBbt_00052540]

Larval transverse nerve found in abdominal segment 1. A parasympathetic organ is found at its base and it bifurcates relatively close to its exit point from the ventral nerve cord (Santos et al., 2006). Since there is no VT1 muscle in this segment (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997), this nerve does not carry a VT1 motor neuron, unlike transverse nerves in other segments. Gorczyca et al. (1994) - FBrf0075005 claim that this does not exist, despite what appears to be an A1 nerve in their figure 2A.

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larval abdominal 8 transverse nerve [FBbt_00052547]

Larval transverse nerve found in abdominal segment 8. There is no parasympathetic organ at its base and it bifurcates more distally than more anterior transverse nerves (Gorczyca et al., 1994; Santos et al., 2006). Santos et al. (2006) unsure whether this exists due to tangling in samples.

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larval abdominal posterior commissure [FBbt_00001125]

Posterior-most of the two main midline-crossing commissures that develop in the posterior half of each abdominal neuromere, except for a9 which only has an anterior commissure. The posterior commissure contains fewer fibers than the anterior commissure and is located approximately at the level of the posterior neuromere boundary.

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