Adult heart CCAP neuron with its soma in an abdominal 1-5 segment (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). Its soma is located near the row of spiracles and its axon follows a transverse nerve to reach the heart (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). There is one of these on each side in each of abdominal segments 1-5 (Dulcis and Levine, 2003).
Adult heart CCAP neuron that has its soma in abdominal segment 6 (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). It innervates the terminal chamber of the heart (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). There are four of these cells per organism, which have large somas and are found together as a medial cluster (Dulcis and Levine, 2003).
Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively large soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).
Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a medial position, posteriormost of the Mip cells of the abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).
Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).
Doublesex and myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing local interneuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and lateral location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It extensively innervates the abdominal ganglion, where it has input and output terminals, it also sends an axon along the midline to the metathoracic neuromere, where it has presynaptic terminals (Jang et al., 2017). Its activity is required for normal mating receptivity in virgin flies (Jang et al., 2017).
Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and medial location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It has higher activity in virgin than mated females and its activity promotes mating receptivity (Jang et al., 2017).
Allatostatin A-expressing neuron of the adult that has its cell body in the superior lateral protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019). These neurons are glutamatergic and express the Allatostatin A neuropeptide (Ni et al., 2019). Their activation increases sleep upstream of ExFl2 neurons, to which they synapse in the superior medial protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019).
DN1p neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). It also expresses CNMa and Dh31 (Zhang et al., 2021). There are approximately 4-6 of these cells per DN1p cluster (Diaz et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). Some of these cells are anterior-projecting and some are ventro-contralateral-projecting (Zhang et al., 2021).
Adult neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in the lateral brain, near the accessory medulla (Chen et al., 2015). There are four of these cells per hemisphere (Chen et al., 2015).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma superior to the antennal lobe (Min et al., 2016). There are around two of these cells per hemisphere (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023). In the female, they are involved in reproductive dormancy (Kurogi et al., 2023). Distinct from the three LP neurons (FBbt:00007432) - different hemibrain body IDs given in Kurogi et al. (2023) supplement. Also present in males, but function not investigated by Kurogi et al. (2023).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023) via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023). In the female, they are involved in reproductive dormancy (Kurogi et al., 2023).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain, medial to CA-LP2, and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). It is derived from the larval CA-LP1 neuron (Kurogi et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain, medial to CA-LP2, and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). It is derived from the larval CA-LP1 neuron (Kurogi et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain, lateral to CA-LP1, and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP2 neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023).
Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain, lateral to CA-LP1, and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP2 neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is part of some adult nervous system (FBbt:00003559) and is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Capa (FBgn0039722).
Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively dorsal position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). The cell body fiber runs along the anterior border of the subesophageal zone (SEZ) toward the midline, bifurcates and arborizes in the median bundle and the posteriomedial SEZ (Selcho et al., 2018). In the anterior supraesophageal zone (SPZ) it arborizes in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the medial lobes and spurs of the mushroom bodies (Selcho et al., 2018). Fibers project along both medial antennal lobe tracts and symmetrically innervate the inferior bridge, inferior clamp, superior clamp, superior posterior slope, posterior lateral protocerebrum, SMP, and superior lateral protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult CCAP lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located between the dorsal and ventral cells (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There are two of these per hemisphere and one is sometimes seen to express bursicon (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron that arborizes in the anterior to median subesophageal zone and sends a fiber into the contralateral cervical connective (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron that arborizes in the medial to lateral subesophageal zone in both hemispheres and sends a fiber into the contralateral cervical connective (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively ventral position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere, and it also expresses Bursicon (Luan et al., 2006). Its cell body fiber runs along the posterioventral subesophageal zone to the midline, where it bifurcates (Selcho et al., 2018). A fiber runs dorsally along the contralateral median bundle to innervate the contralateral superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the ipsilateral SMP, via the superior arch commissure (Selcho et al., 2018). A projection also descends via the contralateral cervical connective to innervate the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located close to the midline in the ventral gnathal ganglion (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these neurons per hemisphere; its cell body fiber runs dorsally along the midline and it ramifies in the medial subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It also descends to the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018). It undergoes programmed cell death shortly after eclosion (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the central anterior brain (Min et al., 2016). There are around four to six of these cells per hemisphere (Min et al., 2016).
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that expresses Crz (FBgn0013767).
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the hypocerebral ganglion that projects to the crop through the crop nerve (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It exerts a relaxing activity on the crop muscle (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the hypocerebral ganglion that projects to the crop through the crop nerve (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It exerts a relaxing activity on the crop muscle (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
DH44-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the adult brain. Strongest expression is found in the pars intercerebralis, but many other somas are found in other regions of the brain (Lee et al., 2015).
Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron of the adult having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. There are three of these cells per hemisphere and they all coexpress leucokinin receptor (Cannell et al., 2016). These DH44 neurons synapse with Hugin neurons in the pars intercerebralis, the subesophageal zone and along the midline of the brain between these regions (King et al., 2017). Their subesophageal arborization is predominantly in the prow (Lee et al., 2015). It exits the brain via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024) and axons project to the foregut, anterior midgut and crop (Dus et al., 2015). It can be directly activated by the presence of nutritive sugars (Dus et al., 2015) or a small subset of amino acids (Yang et al., 2018) in the hemolymph.
DH44-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the adult ventral nerve cord. Clusters are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and abdominal ganglia. Fewer of these cells exist in the adult than in the larva and pupa.
Anteriormost Ilp7 neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. There is one bilateral pair of these cells.
Female version of the adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron. It is a glutamatergic motor neuron that innervates the oviduct (Castellanos et al., 2013). There are 4 of these neurons, in a dorsal cluster (Castellanos et al., 2013). Unlike the male version, this cell does not produce serotonin (Castellanos et al., 2013).
Sexually dimorphic Ilp7 and fruitless-expressing secondary neuron with its soma on the dorsal side of the posterior abdominal ganglion (Castellanos et al., 2013). It innervates the reproductive tract (Castellanos et al., 2013).
Drosulfakinin neuron with its soma in the adult pars intercerebralis. These neurons are a subset of the insulin secreting cells (Soderberg et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2019).
Neuron of the adult brain that expresses eclosion hormone (Eh). It develops from the larval Eh neuron (Horodyski et al., 1993). A single pair of these neurons is present in the pharate adult, and is required for the ’lights on response’ in eclosion frequency (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Eh expression is strongly reduced after eclosion (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Its cell body is found in the anterior superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and its arborizations are visible in the medial SMP, the median bundle, around the esophageal foramen and in the dorsal subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It has postsynapses and peptide release sites in these locations, but no apparent presynapses (Selcho et al., 2018). Descending fibers enter the cervical connective and other fibers leave the central brain along the esophagus to innervate the hypocerebral ganglion and corpus cardiacum (Selcho et al., 2018).
Adult neuron that expresses corazonin and projects via the nervus corporis cardiaci (Reinhard et al., 2023). It has its soma in the lateral brain (Reinhard et al., 2023). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Reinhard et al., 2023).
Adult neuron that expresses corazonin and projects via the nervus corporis cardiaci (Reinhard et al., 2024). It has its soma in the lateral brain (McKim et al., 2024). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (McKim et al., 2024).
Adult descending neuron that has a large soma in the brain. Its dendrites are mainly found in the dorsal brain, including in the optic lobe and lateral horn (Liu et al., 2023). It has extensive axonal arborization in the brain, including the optic lobe, mushroom body and subesophageal zone, as well as all neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord (Liu et al., 2023). It responds to noxiously high temperatures via the painless receptor and releases Allatostatin C to alleviate thermal nociception (Liu et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Liu et al., 2023).
Adult descending neuron that has a large soma in the brain. Its dendrites are mainly found in the dorsal brain, including in the optic lobe and lateral horn (Liu et al., 2023). It has extensive axonal arborization in the brain, including the optic lobe, mushroom body and subesophageal zone, as well as all neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord (Liu et al., 2023). It responds to noxiously high temperatures via the painless receptor and releases Allatostatin C to alleviate thermal nociception (Liu et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Liu et al., 2023).
Adult neuron that expresses Hugin and projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus allatum (Mizuno et al., 2021). It has synaptic contact with Dh44 neurons in the subesophageal zone (Mizuno et al., 2021). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Mizuno et al., 2021), with their cell bodies in the subesophageal zone (McKim et al., 2024).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the adult abdominal neuromere (Dircksen et al., 2008). Their axons project to the hindgut without branching (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ilp7 neuron of the adult. These are found in the abdominal neuromere. There is one dorsal pair of cells, four lateral pairs of cells and a posterior cluster of cells.
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the anterior inferior medial protocerebrum (Min et al., 2016). There are around four of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the adult pars lateralis (Dircksen et al., 2008). It sends axons to the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum (Dircksen et al., 2008) via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024). Some of these cells project to the thoracic neuromeres and one follows the crop duct, terminating in the region around the salivary glands (Dircksen et al., 2008). Unlike the larval ipc-1 cells, the adult cells also express short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and Tachykinin (Tk) (Kahsai et al., 2010). There are four of these cells per hemisphere (Dircksen et al., 2008; McKim et al., 2024).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal posterior medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are four of these cells that can be seen from late pupal stages before eclosion (P15) and into the adult stage (Dircksen et al., 2008). Their projections are restricted to parts of the anterior dorsal, medial, and lateral areas of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and parts of the protocerebral bridge (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Adult ipc-2 neuron that has a large nucleus, more similar in size to those of ipc-1 cells than other ipc-2 cells. Unlike other ipc-2 cells and similar to the ipc-1 cells, it also expresses dimmed, tachykinin and short neuropeptide F (Kahsai et al., 2010).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body close to the anterior lateral or anterior dorsal base of the medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are three or four of these cells per hemisphere that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). They project to parts of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and at least one enters the accessory medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one bilateral pair of these neurons that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). Its axons follow the median bundle to areas around the esophageal orifice (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult peripheral nervous system (Dircksen et al., 2008). This includes some bipolar neurons similar to the larval ipn neurons, and one of the adult CCAP heart abdominal neurons (BpN) (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are two of these large cells, which strongly express Ilp7 and innervate the hindgut.
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively large soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It has a single process that bifurcates to form a projection to the gut that arborizes in the hypocerebral ganglion and also innervates the crop, and a shorter process that reaches the subesophageal zone (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 18 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). Reinhard et al. (2023) - doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557222 only find 4 DMS cells that follow the NCC in FAFB.
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively large soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It has a single process that bifurcates to form a projection to the gut that arborizes in the hypocerebral ganglion and also innervates the crop, and a shorter process that reaches the subesophageal zone (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 18 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult found laterally in the anterior part of the abdominal neuromere. These are visible as four bilateral pairs.
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the hypocerebral ganglion that projects locally to the hypocerebral ganglion (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the hypocerebral ganglion that projects locally to the hypocerebral ganglion (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Adult antennal lobe local neuron that releases Myoinhibitory peptide (Sizemore et al., 2023). These neurons all have a patchy morphology and are also GABAergic (Sizemore et al., 2023). There are approximately 9 of these cells per antennal lobe and they collectively innervate all glomeruli (Sizemore et al., 2023).
Adult antennal lobe local neuron that releases Myoinhibitory peptide (Sizemore et al., 2023). These neurons all have a patchy morphology and are also GABAergic (Sizemore et al., 2023). There are approximately 9 of these cells per antennal lobe and they collectively innervate all glomeruli (Sizemore et al., 2023).
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron with its cell body in the hypocerebral ganglion (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism, with different subsets projecting to the crop and projecting locally (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Adult myosuppressin-expressing neuron with its soma in the pars intercerebralis (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 30 of these cells per organism, which can be categorized into two main subgroups, based on soma size (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that expresses Mip (FBgn0036713).
Adult neuron that expresses the neuropeptide natalisin and has its soma in the anterior dorsolateral brain (Jiang et al., 2013). There is one of these per hemisphere and its processes are close to those of the adult natalisin inferior contralateral interneuron in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Jiang et al., 2013). It is a large bilateral neuron with numerous dense core vesicles (Huoviala et al., 2020).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult female with a small cell body in the anterior dorsolateral brain. There may or may not be one of these cells in a given female brain hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult male with a small cell body in the anterior dorsolateral brain. There are usually 2 or 3 of these cells per hemisphere and they also express the male isoform of fruitless (Lee et al., 2006). It expresses timeless and belongs to the LNd clock neurons (Lee et al., 2006). It also expresses Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024).
Adult s-LNv neuron that does not express Pdf (FBgn0023178). There is one of these in each ventral cluster of LN period neurons. It is located more dorsally than the s-LNv Pdf neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 2007; Rieger et al., 2006). It extends a single neurite through the medulla that invades the lamina, forming thin arborizations in the lamina cortex near the retina that terminate at the border of the fenestrated glia (Damulewicz and Pyza, 2011). In the central brain, it extends arborizations that predominantly terminate in the neuropil region close to the pars intercerebralis. This neuron also expresses ion transport peptide (ITP) (Schubert et al., 2018). It is an evening cell (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019).
Any peptidergic neuron of the adult.
Adult pheromone-sensing neuron of the leg that expresses crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), which it releases in the ventral nerve cord (Zhang et al., 2022).
Adult neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Chen et al., 2015). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Chen et al., 2015).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the posteriormost cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult ventral nerve cord.
Adult neuron that has its soma in the abdominal neuromere, expresses RYamide and innervates the rectal papillae (Veenstra and Khammassi, 2017). There is one of these cells on each side (Veenstra and Khammassi, 2017).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are four to six of these cells that have weak expression of Ilp7.
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively small soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 12 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively small soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 12 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).
Adult capability-expressing neuron with its cell body in the subesophageal zone (Reinhard et al., 2023). There are two of these cells per brain and they project via the nervus corporis cardiaci (Reinhard et al., 2023).
Adult Capability-expressing neuron with its cell body in the subesophageal zone (McKim et al., 2024). There are two of these cells per brain and they project via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the inferior subesophageal zone (Min et al., 2016). There are around one of these cells per hemisphere (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the superior subesophageal zone (Min et al., 2016). There are around one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the anterior superior medial protocerebrum (Min et al., 2016). There are around five or six of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the posterior superior lateral protocerebrum (Min et al., 2016). There are around four of these cells per hemisphere (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the medial ventral mesothoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around five or six of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the medial ventral metathoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around five or six of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the medial ventral prothoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around five or six of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the posterior ventral mesothoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around two of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the posterior ventral metathoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around two of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around four of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Ilp7-expressing neuron with a cell body in the ventral part of the posterior abdominal neuromere.
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with its soma in the posterior ventral prothoracic neuromere (Min et al., 2016). There are around two of these cells per organism (Min et al., 2016).
Adult neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in the ventral nerve cord (Chen et al., 2015). There are two of these cells on each side, with their cell bodies located dorsally in the posterior metathoracic neuromere (Chen et al., 2015).
Adult neuron that expresses the B isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in the ventral nerve cord (Chen et al., 2015). There is one of these cells per organism, with its cell body located on the midline in the abdominal neuromere (Chen et al., 2015).
DN3 neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). There are approximately 20 of these per DN3 cluster (Diaz et al., 2019). In females, its AstC levels and steady-state firing rate are reduced in cold temperatures and it is involved in the regulation of egg production in response to cold temperatures (Meiselman et al., 2022).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses AstC (FBgn0032336).
An interneuron of the mesothoracic ganglion that secretes allatostatin C. There are two pairs of such neurons. They extensively innervate the dorsal region of the prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia and send an ascending projection that arborizes around the supraesophageal zone and the inferior dorsal brain. They are present in both sexes. In females, they act downstream of the sex peptide abdominal ganglion neurons (SAGs) to inhibit the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone by the corpus allatum via a hormonal route, thereby contributing to the regulation of vitellogenesis (Zhang et al., 2022).
A small DN3 neuron that projects to the posterior side of the brain (Sun et al., 2022). There are 2 or 3 such neurons per hemisphere. They project dendrites to the accessory medulla and receives excitatory input from the DN1 neurons. They send output to the claw neurons (CL) as part of a DN1-APDN3-CL sleep-promoting feedback loop. They express allatostatin C (AstC).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses AstA (FBgn0015591).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Capa (FBgn0039722).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that expresses CCAP (FBgn0039007).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses CCHa1 (FBgn0038199).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses CCHa2 (FBgn0038147).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses CNMa (FBgn0035282).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Crz (FBgn0013767).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Dh31 (FBgn0032048).
A DH44 secreting neuron. Three bilateral pairs of these cells exist in the pars intercerebralis, all of which co-express leucokinin receptor. There are also DH44 neurons in the ventral nerve cord. DH44 neurons have been associated with desiccation tolerance and sugar sensing in the adult.
Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the pars intercerebralis. There are three of these cells per hemisphere and they co-express leucokinin receptor (Cabrero et al., 2002; Cannell et al., 2016). These cells follow the nervus corporis cardiaci out of the brain (McKim et al., 2024).
Adult DN1 neuron with its soma in the anterior superior brain, dorsal to the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) (Shafer et al., 2006; Reinhard et al., 2022). It is glutamatergic and also expresses Nplp1 (IPNamide) and CCHamide1 (Shafer et al., 2006; Collins et al., 2012; Fujiwara et al., 2018; Reinhard et al., 2022) and Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024). It arborizes ipsilaterally in the ventromedial posterior lateral horn and the lateral and dorsal mushroom body accessory calyces with mixed pre- and post-synaptic terminals (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020; Reinhard et al., 2022). A ventral projection extends to the posterior optic commissure and follows it laterally, reaching the accessory medulla, where it has mainly presynaptic terminals (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020; Reinhard et al., 2022). A large amount of input is from the thermosensory VP3 vPN and VP2 adPN neurons (Marin et al., 2020; Alpert et al., 2020). Activity of the cold-responsive VP3 vPN has a strong inhibitory effect on DN1a (Alpert et al., 2020). There are two of these cells per hemisphere and they are primary neurons (Shafer et al., 2006; Bates et al., 2020). One of these cells per hemisphere additionally extends a branch dorsally into the SLP (Reinhard et al., 2022).
Adult DN period neuron whose medium-sized cell body is located posteriolaterally in the dorsal superior brain (Helfrich-Forster, 2005). A dendritic lateral branch projects into the superior lateral protocerebrum, forming a characteristic loop towards, but not reaching, the ipsilateral anterior optic tubercle (Reinhard et al., 2022). It also has an axonal branch extending contralaterally, via the middle dorsal commissure, terminating in the superior medial protocerebrum just before reaching the contralateral DN2 cell bodies (Reinhard et al., 2022). It expresses Allatostatin C and Proctolin (Reinhard et al., 2024). There are 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Ma et al., 2021).
Descending neuron belonging to the DNc group, having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, lobula plate, mushroom body calyx, mushroom body vertical lobe, fan-shaped body, protocerebral bridge, inferior clamp, flange, prow, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, superior lateral protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, inferior posterior slope, superior posterior slope, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, neck neuropil, wing neuropil, haltere neuropil, intermediate tectulum, lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil, T3 leg neuropil, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the dorsal cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018). It is an SIFa neuron (Bates et al., 2025).
Descending neuron belonging to the DNc group, having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, lobula plate, lobula, mushroom body calyx, fan-shaped body, protocerebral bridge, inferior clamp, flange, prow, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, superior lateral protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, inferior posterior slope, superior posterior slope, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, neck neuropil, wing neuropil, haltere neuropil, intermediate tectulum, lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil, T3 leg neuropil, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the dorsal cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018). It is an SIFa neuron (Bates et al., 2025).
Adult serotonergic descending neuron belonging to the DNg group, having a large cell body in the cell body rind of the lateral gnathal ganglion (Namiki et al., 2018; Scheunemann et al., 2018). One branch projects dorsally to arborize and form presynapses in the ipsilateral anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, superior clamp and superior lateral protocerebrum (Scheunemann et al., 2018). Another branch crosses the midline just ventral to the esophageal foramen and arborizes in the contralateral gnathal ganglion and saddle, where it also forms presynapses (Scheunemann et al., 2018). It descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective, then fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the ventral cervical fascicle and innervates the intermediate and lower tectulum, and the abdominal neuromere (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018; Scheunemann et al., 2018). Its superior clamp arbor outputs to MB-MP1 in the mushroom body pedunculus and it is involved in the initial period of long-term memory consolidation (Scheunemann et al., 2018). It also expresses the sex peptide receptor and myoinhibitory peptide (Mip/AstB) (Scheunemann et al., 2019).
Adult neuropeptide F-expressing descending neuron belonging to the DNp group, having a large cell body in the posterior dorsomedial brain (Lee et al., 2006; Namiki et al., 2018). In the brain, it has neurites in the inferior and superior clamp, inferior bridge, cantle, superior lateral protocerebrum, posterior lateral protocerebrum, anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, superior posterior slope, vest and gnathal ganglion (Namiki et al., 2018). It descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective, fasciculates with the ventral medial tract of the ventral cervical fascicle, and innervates the intermediate and lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere and wing sensory neuropil (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006; Namiki et al., 2018).
Descending neuron belonging to the DNp group, having a cell body on the posterior surface of the brain (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron does not cross the midline and descends on the ipsilateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, antler, inferior clamp, superior clamp, crepine, flange, prow, saddle, superior lateral protocerebrum, posterior lateral protocerebrum, wedge, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, intermediate tectulum, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil and T3 leg neuropil (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the ventral cervical fascicle and ventral medial tract of the ventral cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018) and it produces myosuppressin (McKim et al., 2024).
Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells close to the midline in the posterior medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Namiki et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2025). It also expresses fruitless and plays a role in mating behavior in both males and females, but it is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019). There are two subtypes, both of which are descending neurons that arborize bilaterally in the lateral protocerebrum and subesophageal zone, but differ in whether they innervate the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2025).
Adult Drosulfakinin MP1 neuron that has bilateral projections to the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019). It crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, superior clamp, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, epaulette, vest, gnathal ganglion, intermediate tectulum, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the median dorsal abdominal tract in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019).
Adult Drosulfakinin MP1 neuron that does not project to the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019). In the brain, it has postsynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral and intermediate protocerebrum and superior clamp, and presynapses in the gnathal ganglion, the ipsilateral and contralateral anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the contralateral flange (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Within the VNC, it fasciculates with the median tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus I and sends output to multiple regions (Takemura et al., 2024; Marin et al., 2024). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Wu et al., 2019; Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Sturner et al., 2025).
Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells in each hemisphere, lateral to the MP1 cells in the medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Wu et al., 2019). It projects to the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and the lateral horn (Wu et al., 2019). It is predominantly ipsilateral, but in some cases extends a short way into the contralateral hemisphere in the dorsal part of the brain (Wu et al., 2019). It also expresses fruitless, but is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Eh (FBgn0000564).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the embryo or larva that belongs to the dorsal pair (one cell per hemineuromere) with cell bodies in abdominal neuromere 1 (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008). Unlike other Ilp7 neurons, it also expresses sNPF (Hu et al., 2017). It extends anteriorly and posteriorly along the length of the ventral nerve cord and its axon terminals reach the pars intercerebralis (Hu et al., 2017). It receives input from multidendritic neurons, including class IV neurons (Hu et al., 2017) and its activity can enhance, but not induce, mechanonociceptive responses, dependent on sNPF (Hu et al., 2017).
Ilp7 neuron of the embryo or larva. These are found in the abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord. By third instar stage, there are two lateral Ilp7 neurons in each of abdominal (A) neuromeres 1-4, a dorsal pair in A1, and two posterior neurons in each of neuromeres A6-A9.
Larval corozonergic interneuron that develops from the third GMC in the NB7-3 lineage (GMC 7-3c) (Novotny et al., 2002). There is one of these cells per hemisegment from T2 to A7 (Novotny et al., 2002).
One neuron per cluster of four l-LNv neurons characterized by its more restricted projection pattern on the surface of the ipsi- and contralateral medulla.
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in an abdominal neuromere; its axons project to the hindgut without branching (Dircksen et al., 2008). These neurons may persist through metamorphosis (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ilp7-expressing neuron. All identified Ilp7 neurons are found in the abdominal segment of the larval or adult ventral nerve cord. There is one dorsal pair in the A1 (abdominal 1) neuromere, one lateral pair in each of A1-4 and a posterior group (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008; Castellanos et al., 2013).
Insulin-producing neuron with a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. These cells coexpress the genes Insulin-like peptide (Ilp) 2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 (Reinhard et al., 2024). There are approximately 7-9 of these cells per hemisphere and they fasciculate with the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024).
Neuron that predominantly arborizes in the subesophageal zone (SEZ) and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (Jourjine et al., 2016). It expresses the TRPV channel nanchung and detects decreases in osmolality (Jourjine et al., 2016). It expresses Ilp3 and has presynapses in the SEZ (Gonzalez Segarra et al., 2023). There are two of these per hemisphere (Jourjine et al., 2016).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the brain. There are four of these cells per hemisphere with cell bodies in the pars lateralis (Dircksen et al., 2008; Reinhard et al., 2024). They send axons to the corpus cardiacum via the nervus corporis cardiaci (Dircksen et al., 2008; McKim et al., 2024).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the peripheral nervous system (Dircksen et al., 2008).
LNd neuron of the adult brain characterized by the expression of ion transport peptide (ITP) and cryptochrome (CRY) (Schubert et al., 2018). From the cell body in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP), the neuron projects medially around the anterior optic tract (AOT) and dorsally along the surface of the lateral horn (LH) (Schubert et al., 2018). At the posterior surface of the LH, the neuron branches (Schubert et al., 2018). One main branch projects towards the medulla, via the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and the accessory medulla (AME), with extensive further branching (Schubert et al., 2018). The other main branch innervates the superior neuropils (Schubert et al., 2018). Projections from both hemispheres overlap in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) (Schubert et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Schubert et al., 2018).
Neuron that expresses Ion transport peptide. It is neurosecretory.
Kenyon cell of the inner part of the alpha/beta lobe core stratum (Tanaka et al., 2008). There are around 260 of these cells per hemisphere (Takemura et al., 2017).
Kenyon cell of the outer part of the alpha/beta lobe core stratum (Tanaka et al., 2008). There are around 130 of these cells per hemisphere (Takemura et al., 2017).
Alpha/beta mushroom body neuron that has dendrites in the main calyx and whose axons form concentrically layered regions of the alpha and beta lobes (Takemura et al., 2017). They are born after the alpha/beta posterior neurons and are organized by birth order, with later-born neurons located more centrally (Takemura et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020). There are around 800-900 of these neurons in each hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Takemura et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020).
Gamma Kenyon cell of the adult mushroom body. It develops from a larval gamma Kenyon cell that is remodeled during the pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). It expresses sNPF (Johard et al., 2008; Barnstedt et al., 2016; Croset et al., 2018). There are around 700 neurons of this type per hemisphere (Li et al., 2020).
Unusual, embryonic-born gamma Kenyon cell of the adult that receives input in at least one accessory calyx (Li et al., 2020). There are four of these cells, each with a unique morphology and thought to arise from a different mushroom body neuroblast (Li et al., 2020).
Gamma-s Kenyon cell that has complex axon branching, wrapping around the surface of the gamma lobe, and receives input in all three accessory calyces (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020). It also has a striking dendritic branch into the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020).
Gamma-s Kenyon cell that has complex axon branching, wrapping around the surface of the gamma lobe, and receives input in the lateral accessory calyx (from the VP2 and VP3 PNs), the ventro-anterior main calyx (from thermo- and hygro-sensory PNs) and the dorsal accessory calyx (from visual PNs) (Li et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020).
Gamma-s Kenyon cell that receives input in the dorsal and ventral accessory calyces (Li et al., 2020).
Gamma-s Kenyon cell that receives input in the dorsal accessory calyx and the anterior main calyx (Li et al., 2020).
Gamma Kenyon cell of the adult with dendrites in the anterior part of the main calyx, which is preferentially targeted by thermo/hygrosensory projection neurons (Li et al., 2020). There are eight of these cells per hemisphere (Li et al., 2020).
Neuron of the period-expressing LNv cluster of the adult brain, with a large cell body and generally located more dorsally than the s-LNv neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 1998). There are four of these cells per hemisphere, all of which express Pdf (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). These neurons send dendrites through the posterior optic commissure to the contralateral optic lobe, where a few short fibers terminate in the accessory medulla, but most arborize extensively in the medulla itself (Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). These arborizations in the medulla are associated with varicosities. These cells also project to the ipsilateral (adjacent) accessory medulla and its ventral extension, where they arborize extensively.
Larval neurosecretory neuron with its soma located ventrally in abdominal neuromere A1 (Suska et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018). It expresses Dh31 and AstA (Park et al., 2008; Gabilondo et al., 2018).
Larval neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in a larval abdominal neuromere (Chen et al., 2015). There is one of these per abdominal 1-5 hemineuromere, with a laterally-located soma (Chen et al., 2015).
Peptidergic neuron that secretes the glucagon-like Adipokinetic hormone (Akh). This includes all and only the cells of the larval corpus cardiacum (Lee and Park, 2004; Park et al., 2008). They have projections to the prothoracic gland and the aorta, where they have peptide-release sites (Lee and Park, 2004; Hughson et al., 2021). They can store insulin like peptides released by the insulin secreting cells of the pars intercerebralis and release these, along with Akh, to the prothoracic gland (Ghosh et al., 2022). They are involved in regulating larval developmental rate in low-nutrient conditions (Hughson et al., 2021; Ghosh et al., 2022). Each corpus cardiacum lobe contains approximately 7-8 of these cells (Lee and Park, 2004; Park et al., 2008).
Larval neuron that releases Capability peptide(s). This includes one cell per hemisphere in the subesophageal ganglion and one in each of the A2-A4 hemineuromeres (Kean et al., 2002; Suska et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018).
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Crz (FBgn0013767).
Larval corazonin-expressing neuron that has its soma in the pars lateralis (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It projects to the ring gland, via the nervus corporis cardiaci, where it has peptide release sites in the aorta, corpus cardiacum, corpus allatum and the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Imura et al., 2020; Huckesfeld et al., 2021; McKim et al., 2024). In the prothoracic gland, it makes contacts with the PTTH neurons, which express the corazonin receptor (Imura et al., 2020). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Park et al., 2008; Imura et al., 2020). It also expresses short neuropeptide F (Park et al., 2008).
Larval neurosecretory neuron whose soma is located in the cortex of the antero-dorsal region of the lateral protocerebrum, medial to CA-LP 2, and whose axon projects to the corpus allatum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Its axon runs caudally on a slightly curved path to join the nervus corporis cardiaci (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It passes the corpus cardiacum and the lateral limb of the prothoracic gland to reach the corpus allatum, where it has its peptide release sites (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31) (Kurogi et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).
Larval neurosecretory neuron whose soma is located in the cortex of the lateral protocerebrum, lateral to CA-LP 1, and whose axon projects to the corpus allatum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Its axon follows an anterior path towards the mushroom body, then one branch joins the nervus corporis cardiaci and a smaller branch extends towards the midline (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). The main branch projects to the corpus allatum, where it has its peptide release sites (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31) (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).
Larval neuron that expresses Hugin and whose soma is located in the cortex of the medial subesophageal ganglion, just below the esophageal foramen (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Schlegel et al., 2016). It projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). The vast majority of its synaptic inputs are in the subesophageal zone, from interneurons, and it does not have synaptic outputs within the central nervous system (Schlegel et al., 2016). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Schlegel et al., 2016).
Diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44)-expressing neuron having a cell body located in the larval pars intercerebralis (PI). There are three of these cells per hemisphere, and they also express leucokinin receptor (Cabrero et al., 2002). Its dendrites extend ventrally and its axon crosses the midline, loops posteriorly, then anteriorly, joining the nervus corporis cardiaci (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It has peptide release sites in the aorta and corpus cardiacum (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
DH44-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the larval ventral nerve cord. These neurons are more abundant in the larva and pupa than the adult.
Neuron that has its soma in the dorsal part of an abdominal neuromere and expresses the neuropeptide Nplp1 (Park et al., 2008).
Neuron that has its soma in the dorsal part of a thoracic neuromere and expresses the neuropeptide Nplp1 (Park et al., 2008).
Larval neuron that has its soma located dorsolaterally in an abdominal neuromere and expresses allatostatin A (Park et al., 2008).
Drosulfakinin neuron with its soma in the larval pars intercerebralis. These neurons are a subset of the insulin secreting cells (Soderberg et al., 2012).
Larval neuron that expresses eclosion hormone (Eh). There is one of these in each hemisphere, with its soma in the tritocerebrum (Horodyski et al., 1993; Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Branches extend anteriorly and posteriorly, spanning the entire length of the central nervous system (Horodyski et al., 1993; Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It synapses onto other ring gland projection neurons and neurons in the ventral nerve cord that may be involved in ecdysis motor programs (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). Another branch extends posteriorly, then anteriorly, and follows the nervus corporis cardiaci to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It releases Eh around the time of ecdysis (Horodyski et al., 1993).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the eighth larval abdominal neuromere (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one dorsal lateral pair and two or three, more posterior, ventral pairs of these neurons, which extend axons medially, then exit via the eighth abdominal nerve to the hindgut (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the larval pars lateralis. Its axon projects to the ring gland and has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and aorta (Dircksen et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). There is some heterogeneity among this population; some cells may cross the midline and some may have release sites in the corpus allatum or prothoracic gland (Dircksen et al., 2008). Dendrites extend ventrally, close to the midline, reaching the subesophageal zone (Dircksen et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). They express the neuropeptide Leucokinin and this can be detected in the corpus cardiacum terminals, although it is less apparent in the soma (de Haro et al., 2010).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the larval peripheral nervous system (Dircksen et al., 2008). This includes a lateral body wall neuron, which may be an abdominal intersegmental bidendritic neuron (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the larval subesophageal ganglion, in a ventral medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one bilateral pair of these neurons with processes running to the dorsal side and spanning almost the entire ventral nerve cord (Dircksen et al., 2008).
Ilp7-expressing neuron of the larva found laterally in the anterior part of the abdominal neuromere. Ilp7 positive cell bodies can be seen in this position from second instar stage onwards with maximal numbers at third instar stage. There are up to four pairs, one in each of abdominal neuromeres 1-4.
Interneuron residing slightly anterior and ventral to the posterior commissure in the corner formed by the connectives and the posterior commissure (Bossing and Technau, 1994). Its ipsilateral projection bifurcates in an anterior and posterior branch (which spans up to three neuromeres) that run within the medial sector of the connective. It is a peptidergic neurosecretory cell (Manning et al., 2012).
Neuron of the larval labial neuromere that expresses dromyosuppressin (DMS) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per organism (Park et al., 2008).
Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses dromyosuppressin (DMS) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, and they are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and SIFamide (Park et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It fasciculates with the nervus corporis cardiaci and has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Wegener et al., 2011; Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that expresses Mip (FBgn0036713).
Any peptidergic neuron of the larva.
Larval neurosecretory neuron that secretes prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and innervates the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; McBrayer et al., 2007). It has its soma in the cortex of the lateral protocerebrum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It runs along the anterior brain at the cortex/neuropil interface, forming dendritic collaterals, before traversing the midline and entering the contralateral nervus corporis cardiaci to reach the ring gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). Its peptide release sites are found in the corpus cardiacum and the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses corazonin receptor and has close contact with corazonin neurons in the prothoracic gland (Imura et al., 2020). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).
Larval neuron that has its soma in the central nervous system and projects through the nervus corporis cardiaci (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It releases neuropeptide in the ring gland or aorta via non-synaptic dense core vesicles (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Park et al., 2008). These cells are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and dromyosuppressin (Park et al., 2008). All of these neurons have a major axon which projects to the contralateral side and extends into the ventral nerve cord, while a minor one projects to the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Terhzaz et al., 2007).
Neuron of the larval medial protocerebrum that expresses dromyosuppressin (DMS) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Park et al., 2008).
Larval Capability-releasing neuron with its cell body in the posterior medial labial neuromere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Kean et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). There is one of these cells on each side, with a large cell body (Kean et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It develops from neuroblast NB5-3 during embryogenesis (Gabilondo et al., 2011). Its axon runs on an outwardly curved path toward the dorsal midline, crosses it, and projects to the cerebral ganglion before joining the nervus corporis cardiaci (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Kean et al., 2002). It has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
Any larval corazonin neuron (FBbt:00052004) that has its soma located in some larval thoracic neuromere (FBbt:00111029).
Larval neurosecretory neuron with its soma located ventrally in one of larval abdominal neuromeres A1-4 (Suska et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018). It belongs to the primary NB5-3 Notch OFF hemilineage (Gabilondo et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018). The A2-4 neurons express Capability, while the A1 neuron expresses Dh31 and AstA (Gabilondo et al., 2018).
Larval neuron that has its soma located in then ventral posterior brain and expresses allatostatin A (Park et al., 2008).
Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with an anterior soma in the lateral protocerebrum, at the base of the medulla (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011). It arborizes in the ipsilateral medulla and in the mediolateral and dorsolateral protocerebrum (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011; Min et al., 2016). At least one per hemisphere has wide-field tangential arborizations in a layer just distal to the lamina synaptic neuropil (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011).
Lateral period-expressing neuron (LN) of the adult brain that also expresses ion transport peptide (ITP) (Ma et al., 2021). There are two of these cells per hemisphere with similar transcriptomic and functional profiles (Ma et al., 2021).
Lateral period-expressing neuron (LN) of the adult brain that also expresses ion transport peptide (ITP) (Ma et al., 2021). There are two of these cells per hemisphere with similar transcriptomic and functional profiles (Ma et al., 2021).
Lateral period-expressing neuron (LN) of the adult brain that also expresses Pigment-dispersing factor (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). These neurons also express cryptochrome and Rhodopsin 7, which allow them to respond to high frequency (blue) visible light (Ni et al., 2017).
Lateral period-expressing neuron (LN) of the adult brain whose cell body is located in the ventral cluster of LNs, at the level of the esophageal foramen (Helfrich-Forster, 1998). It has neurites associated with the accessory medulla (aMe) (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). The LN neuronal group are necessary and sufficient for generation of robust adult locomotor rhythms in the absence of environmental cues (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). There are approximately nine of these cells per hemisphere (Ma et al., 2021). They are peptidergic, with eight per hemisphere expressing Pdf and the other expressing ion transport peptide (Johard et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2021).
Adult period-expressing neuron with its soma in the cell body rind of the posterior lateral protocerebrum, medial to the LNd cluster (Shafer et al., 2006; Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Reinhard et al., 2022). Its neurite bifurcates in the superior clamp, sending branches to the superior lateral and superior medial protocerebra, where it arborizes (Reinhard et al., 2022). It is cholinergic and expresses the Allatostatin A, Allatostatin C and Diuretic hormone 31 neuropeptides at varying levels throughout the day (Diaz et al., 2019; Ni et al., 2019; Reinhard et al., 2022; Reinhard et al., 2024). It also expresses Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024). It is involved in regulation of circadian sleep and activity levels (Ni et al., 2019; Reinhard et al., 2022). There are around three of these cells per hemisphere, with one having a slightly broader arborization pattern and a different connectivity profile compared to the other two (Reinhard et al., 2022).
Lateral-most of the two bilateral MP1 neurons found at the midline, anterior to the posterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999).
Medial-most of the two bilateral MP1 neurons found at the midline, anterior to the posterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999).
A neuron expressing the neuropeptide Myosuppressin (Ms). There are several populations of these neurons in various locations of the larval and adult organism (Carlsson et al., 2010; Dickerson et al., 2012).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that expresses Mip (FBgn0036713).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the posterior dorsomedial brain. There are usually 13-16 of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006). They are fan-shaped body local interneurons (Shao et al., 2017).
Adult neuron that expresses neuropeptide F. There are approximately 25 in the male brain and 20 in the female brain (Lee et al., 2006). Some of these neurons are involved in the regulation of locomotion, circadian rhythm of activity and reward-based memory (Lee et al., 2006; Shao et al., 2017).
Male-specific neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the anterior dorsal brain, ventral to the D2 neurons, dorsolateral to the antennal lobe (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019). It arborizes extensively in the superior brain (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019). Its peptide release sites are in the anterior medial brain and its release of NPF suppresses male courtship (Liu et al., 2019). There are approximately 3 of these cells per hemisphere and they also express the male isoform of fruitless (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019).
Male-specific neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the anterior dorsal brain, dorsal to the D1 neurons (Lee et al., 2006). It arborizes in the dorsal brain (Lee et al., 2006). There is usually 1 of these cells per hemisphere and it also expresses the male isoform of fruitless (Lee et al., 2006).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a small cell body in the posterior dorsomedial brain, dorsal to the P1 neurons. They project laterally and ventrally. There are usually 4-5 of these cells per hemisphere and they are involved in reward-based memory formation (Shao et al., 2017).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a large cell body in the anterior dorsolateral brain. There is usually one of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006). They project to the dorsal medial brain (Shao et al., 2017).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult that has a small cell body in the anterior dorsolateral brain (Lee et al., 2006). Its axonal projections travel into the dorsal protocerebrum (Lee et al., 2006). There are 2-3 of these cells on each side in the male and 0-1 in the female (Lee et al., 2006).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the anterior lateroventral brain. There are usually 1 or 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006).
Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the anterior subesophageal zone. There are usually 1 or 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that expresses Orcokinin (FBgn0034935).
Neuron that expresses Pigment-dispersing factor, Pdf (FBgn0023178).
Neuron of the adult brain that expresses Pdf and whose soma is located dorsoanterior to the calyx of the mushroom body. Its branches extend ventrally into the dorsal esophageal foramen. There are between 4-8 neurons in each hemisphere.
Neuron with its soma located anteroventrally in the adult tritocerebrum that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178) strongly until 24hrs after eclosion, after which Pdf immunoreactivity in the soma disappears (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). Within 2-4 days post-eclosion, Pdf immunoreactivity is also lost from the arborizations (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). There are 1-2 bilateral pairs of these in the pharate and newly-eclosed adult (Selcho et al., 2018). They arborize in the medial tritocerebrum around the periesophageal neuropils and in the gnathal ganglion, a varicose branch extends dorsally, via the median bundle, to the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018). It has presynapses, postsynapses and peptidergic (Pdf) release sites in the subesophageal zone and the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).
Pdf positive neuron whose soma is located in the cortex of the fused adult abdominal ganglia. There are 4-6 of these, all of which project posteriorly, fasciculating with the abdominal nerve trunk.
Pupal late CCAP neuron whose soma is located in abdominal neuromeres A5 to A7 (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It expresses Bursicon and Partner of Bursicon in addition to CCAP (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012) There is one of these cells in each A5-A7 hemineuromere (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It extends an axon to the periphery via a lateral nerve trunk (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It is involved in leg extension during pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).
CCAP-expressing neuron that develops from an undifferentiated primary neuron shortly before pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). There are 12 of these, found in posterior abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord. These neurons can trigger pupal ecdysis, which does not require the earlier-differentiating larval CCAP neurons (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).
Neuron of the period-expressing LNv cluster of the adult brain, with a small cell body and generally located more ventrally than the l-LNv neurons (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). There are 5 cells present in each cluster, all except one of which express Pdf (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2021). These cells also express sNPF (Johard et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2021).
Adult s-LNv neuron that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178). There are four of these in each ventral cluster of LNs. Short, fine fibers lacking presynaptic sites contact the accessory medulla, whilst longer processes project toward the dorsal protocerebrum and terminate dorsofrontal to the mushroom body calyx close to the pars lateralis and close to the DN2 neurons (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). Thes dorsal arbors contain both pre- and postsynaptic connections, including reciprocal connections to DN1p neurons (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010, Fernandez et al., 2020), and their morphology and connectivity vary throughout the day (Gorostiza et al., 2014). Pdf rich dense-synaptic vesicles accumulate in terminal varicosities in these cells, but are not associated with presynaptic sites (Miskiewicz et al., 2004; Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010). They can be observed docked at the plasma membrane, suggesting paracrine release of Pdf. They drive the morning locomotor activity peak (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019) and display a morning neural activity peak that precedes this increased locomotor activity (Liang et al., 2016).
Larval serotonergic neuron that runs along the surface of the esophagus, fasciculates with the nervus corporis cardiaci and arborizes in the corpus cardiacum and along the aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).
Neuron of the adult pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) (Verleyen et al., 2004; Terhzaz et al., 2007). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, thought to be the only SIFamide-expressing cells of the adult central nervous system (Terhzaz et al., 2007). They innervate large parts of the brain and ventral nerve cord (Terhzaz et al., 2007), including the mushroom body calyx and alpha lobe slice 3 (Aso et al., 2014). These neurons play a role in inhibiting courtship behavior in males and reducing receptivity in females (Terhzaz et al., 2007).
Neuron of the pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa). There are two of these cells per hemisphere.
LNd neuron of the adult brain characterized by the expression of short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and cryptochrome (CRY), and the absence of ion transport peptide (ITP) (Schubert et al., 2018). It also expresses Trissin (Ma et al., 2021). From the posterior surface of the lateral horn (LH), one branch descends towards, but does not innervate, the accessory medulla (AME), running along the edge of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and innervating more medial locations (Schubert et al., 2018). Another branch projects to the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP), where it trifurcates, with two projections continuing to dorsal parts of the brain and one running to the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) (Schubert et al., 2018). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Schubert et al., 2018).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses sNPF (FBgn0032840).
Chemosensory neuron in the posterior superior lateral protocerebrum that expresses the fructose receptor Gr43a and the sugar receptor Gr64a (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). It senses sugars in the hemolymph to regulate feeding (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). There are 2-4 of these cells per brain hemisphere (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). They also secrete corazonin (Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014). Unlike other brain corazonin neurons, they do not project via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses Trissin (FBgn0038343).