Tag: Peptidergic

adult A1-A5 heart CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052353]

Adult heart CCAP neuron with its soma in an abdominal 1-5 segment (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). Its soma is located near the row of spiracles and its axon follows a transverse nerve to reach the heart (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). There is one of these on each side in each of abdominal segments 1-5 (Dulcis and Levine, 2003).

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adult abdominal ganglion Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110054]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located dorsally in the abdominal ganglion, with their cell bodies and neurites resembling a ladder-like appearance. From each neuron emerge two axons: one fasciculates with the abdominal nerves and the other branches toward the anterior and posterior ABLK.

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adult abdominal large ventral posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047862]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively large soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal small medial posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047907]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a medial position, posteriormost of the Mip cells of the abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal small ventral posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047855]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal ventral anterior lateral (female) dsx/Mip neuron [FBbt_00047368]

Doublesex and myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing local interneuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and lateral location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It extensively innervates the abdominal ganglion, where it has input and output terminals, it also sends an axon along the midline to the metathoracic neuromere, where it has presynaptic terminals (Jang et al., 2017). Its activity is required for normal mating receptivity in virgin flies (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal ventral anterior medial (female) Mip neuron [FBbt_00047538]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and medial location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It has higher activity in virgin than mated females and its activity promotes mating receptivity (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult allatostatin A neuron of superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00049007]

Allatostatin A-expressing neuron of the adult that has its cell body in the superior lateral protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019). These neurons are glutamatergic and express the Allatostatin A neuropeptide (Ni et al., 2019). Their activation increases sleep upstream of ExFl2 neurons, to which they synapse in the superior medial protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019).

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adult allatostatin C DN1p neuron [FBbt_00052250]

DN1p neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). It also expresses CNMa and Dh31 (Zhang et al., 2021). There are approximately 4-6 of these cells per DN1p cluster (Diaz et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). Some of these cells are anterior-projecting and some are ventro-contralateral-projecting (Zhang et al., 2021).

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adult CA-LP neuron [FBbt_00052640]

Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023). In the female, they are involved in reproductive dormancy (Kurogi et al., 2023). Distinct from the three LP neurons (FBbt:00007432) - different hemibrain body IDs given in Kurogi et al. (2023) supplement. Also present in males, but function not investigated by Kurogi et al. (2023).

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adult CA-LP neuron [FBbt_00052640]

Adult Dh31 neuron with its soma in the dorsal brain and an axon projecting to the corpus allatum (Kurogi et al., 2023) via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024). These neurons derive from the larval CA-LP neurons (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kurogi et al., 2023). In the female, they are involved in reproductive dormancy (Kurogi et al., 2023).

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adult CCAP abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111321]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located in the cell body rind of the abdominal neuromere. There are around 28 of these cells per organism around the time of eclosion, nearly half of which express Bursicon (Zhao et al., 2008; Melnattur et al., 2020). The majority of these die by apoptosis within 24 hours of eclosion, leaving only 4-6 cells in the most posterior part of the neuromere (Draizen et al., 1999).

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adult CCAP lateral dorsal subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049194]

Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively dorsal position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). The cell body fiber runs along the anterior border of the subesophageal zone (SEZ) toward the midline, bifurcates and arborizes in the median bundle and the posteriomedial SEZ (Selcho et al., 2018). In the anterior supraesophageal zone (SPZ) it arborizes in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the medial lobes and spurs of the mushroom bodies (Selcho et al., 2018). Fibers project along both medial antennal lobe tracts and symmetrically innervate the inferior bridge, inferior clamp, superior clamp, superior posterior slope, posterior lateral protocerebrum, SMP, and superior lateral protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00111318]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located in the subesophageal zone (Luan et al., 2006). There are 4 neurons in each hemisphere: one more anterior, 2 in a medial position and one more posterior (Luan et al., 2006). These neurons descend into the ventral nerve cord (Luan et al., 2006). They all undergo programmed cell death shortly after eclosion (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral ventral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049195]

Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively ventral position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere, and it also expresses Bursicon (Luan et al., 2006). Its cell body fiber runs along the posterioventral subesophageal zone to the midline, where it bifurcates (Selcho et al., 2018). A fiber runs dorsally along the contralateral median bundle to innervate the contralateral superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the ipsilateral SMP, via the superior arch commissure (Selcho et al., 2018). A projection also descends via the contralateral cervical connective to innervate the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP ventral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049193]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located close to the midline in the ventral gnathal ganglion (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these neurons per hemisphere; its cell body fiber runs dorsally along the midline and it ramifies in the medial subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It also descends to the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018). It undergoes programmed cell death shortly after eclosion (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP/burs abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111324]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide), as well as transiently expressing Bursicon and Partner of Bursicon, whose soma is located in the cell body rind of the abdominal ganglion (Zhao et al., 2008; Melnattur et al., 2020). There are 12-14 of these neurons per abdominal ganglion (Zhao et al., 2008; Melnattur et al., 2020). The main neurite extends towards the midline and arborizes. It then crosses the midline and exits the central nervous system posteriorly via one of the abdominal nerves.

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adult CCAP/burs subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00111319]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) and Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810), whose soma is located in the subesophageal zone. There are 2 of these neurons in each hemisphere, one in a more medial position and one more posterior. The main neurite of the posterior neuron extends towards the midline and arborizes. It then crosses the midline and descends into the ventral nerve cord, arborizing mainly in the contralateral thoracic and abdominal neuromeres. In the latter, the arborizations are at similar locations to the ones of the bursicon abdominal neurons. It exits the central nervous system via one of the abdominal nerves.

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adult Dh44 neuron of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047127]

Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron of the adult having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. There are three of these cells per hemisphere and they all coexpress leucokinin receptor (Cannell et al., 2016). These DH44 neurons synapse with Hugin neurons in the pars intercerebralis, the subesophageal zone and along the midline of the brain between these regions (King et al., 2017). Their subesophageal arborization is predominantly in the prow (Lee et al., 2015). It exits the brain via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024) and axons project to the foregut, anterior midgut and crop (Dus et al., 2015). It can be directly activated by the presence of nutritive sugars (Dus et al., 2015) or a small subset of amino acids (Yang et al., 2018) in the hemolymph.

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adult dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00100539]

Adult dMP2 neuron. It develops from an embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neuron (with some remodeling) and is part of the posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are two large cells that strongly express Ilp7 and four to six small cells with weak expression in the ventral part of the posterior cluster.

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adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 (female) neuron [FBbt_00047238]

Female version of the adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron. It is a glutamatergic motor neuron that innervates the oviduct (Castellanos et al., 2013). There are 4 of these neurons, in a dorsal cluster (Castellanos et al., 2013). Unlike the male version, this cell does not produce serotonin (Castellanos et al., 2013).

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adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 (male) neuron [FBbt_00111305]

Male version of the adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron, which expresses the male isoform of fruitless (Castellanos et al., 2013). It is a serotonergic neuron that innervates the seminal vesicle (Castellanos et al., 2013). There are 4 of these neurons per organism, which are a subset of the serotonergic abdominal giant neurons (Castellanos et al., 2013). Unlike the female version, this cell is not a motor neuron and expression of postsynaptic glutamate receptors is much lower (Castellanos et al., 2013).

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adult Eh neurosecretory neuron [FBbt_00049192]

Neuron of the adult brain that expresses eclosion hormone (Eh). It develops from the larval Eh neuron (Horodyski et al., 1993). A single pair of these neurons is present in the pharate adult, and is required for the ’lights on response’ in eclosion frequency (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Eh expression is strongly reduced after eclosion (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Its cell body is found in the anterior superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and its arborizations are visible in the medial SMP, the median bundle, around the esophageal foramen and in the dorsal subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It has postsynapses and peptide release sites in these locations, but no apparent presynapses (Selcho et al., 2018). Descending fibers enter the cervical connective and other fibers leave the central brain along the esophagus to innervate the hypocerebral ganglion and corpus cardiacum (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult Epi descending neuron [FBbt_00052624]

Adult descending neuron that has a large soma in the brain. Its dendrites are mainly found in the dorsal brain, including in the optic lobe and lateral horn (Liu et al., 2023). It has extensive axonal arborization in the brain, including the optic lobe, mushroom body and subesophageal zone, as well as all neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord (Liu et al., 2023). It responds to noxiously high temperatures via the painless receptor and releases Allatostatin C to alleviate thermal nociception (Liu et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Liu et al., 2023).

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adult Epi descending neuron [FBbt_00052624]

Adult descending neuron that has a large soma in the brain. Its dendrites are mainly found in the dorsal brain, including in the optic lobe and lateral horn (Liu et al., 2023). It has extensive axonal arborization in the brain, including the optic lobe, mushroom body and subesophageal zone, as well as all neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord (Liu et al., 2023). It responds to noxiously high temperatures via the painless receptor and releases Allatostatin C to alleviate thermal nociception (Liu et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Liu et al., 2023).

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adult Hugin neuron of the corpus allatum [FBbt_00052009]

Adult neuron that expresses Hugin and projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus allatum (Mizuno et al., 2021). It has synaptic contact with Dh44 neurons in the subesophageal zone (Mizuno et al., 2021). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Mizuno et al., 2021), with their cell bodies in the subesophageal zone (McKim et al., 2024).

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adult insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00110107]

Insulin-producing neurosecretory cell of the adult pars intercerebralis that innervates the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum, and branches before exiting the brain. It extends thin branches laterally in the dorsal protocerebrum, shorter branches along the cell neurites in the dorsal part of the median bundle and has extensive arborizations in the tritocerebrum (Enell et al., 2010). A single axon extends ventrally, branching just before exiting the brain, emerging as two branches that follow the aorta and innervate the corpus cardiacum in the ring gland and the hypocerebral ganglion, near the cardiac valve of the midgut. One of the branches follows the stalk of the crop, whilst the other bifurcates, with each of these branches extending along each side of the midgut (Cao and Brown, 2001). There are approximately 7-9 of these cells from each hemisphere with their cell bodies clustering in the pars intercerebralis at late pupal stages (Cao and Brown, 2001, Broughton et al., 2005, Cao et al., 2014; McKim et al., 2024). These cells co-express Ilp2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 mRNA (Broughton et al., 2005).

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adult ipc-1 neuron [FBbt_00047843]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the adult pars lateralis (Dircksen et al., 2008). It sends axons to the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum (Dircksen et al., 2008) via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024). Some of these cells project to the thoracic neuromeres and one follows the crop duct, terminating in the region around the salivary glands (Dircksen et al., 2008). Unlike the larval ipc-1 cells, the adult cells also express short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and Tachykinin (Tk) (Kahsai et al., 2010). There are four of these cells per hemisphere (Dircksen et al., 2008; McKim et al., 2024).

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adult ipc-2 neuron [FBbt_00048309]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal posterior medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are four of these cells that can be seen from late pupal stages before eclosion (P15) and into the adult stage (Dircksen et al., 2008). Their projections are restricted to parts of the anterior dorsal, medial, and lateral areas of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and parts of the protocerebral bridge (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult ipc-3 neuron [FBbt_00048310]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body close to the anterior lateral or anterior dorsal base of the medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are three or four of these cells per hemisphere that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). They project to parts of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and at least one enters the accessory medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult ipc-4 neuron [FBbt_00048311]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one bilateral pair of these neurons that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). Its axons follow the median bundle to areas around the esophageal orifice (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult large dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047241]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are two of these large cells, which strongly express Ilp7 and innervate the hindgut.

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adult large DMS cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00052765]

Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively large soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It has a single process that bifurcates to form a projection to the gut that arborizes in the hypocerebral ganglion and also innervates the crop, and a shorter process that reaches the subesophageal zone (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 18 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). Reinhard et al. (2023) - doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557222 only find 4 DMS cells that follow the NCC in FAFB.

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adult large Ms cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00052765]

Myosuppressin-expressing neuron of the pars intercerebralis that has a relatively large soma (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). It has a single process that bifurcates to form a projection to the gut that arborizes in the hypocerebral ganglion and also innervates the crop, and a shorter process that reaches the subesophageal zone (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). There are approximately 18 of these cells per organism (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020).

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adult lateral horn Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110058]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin and whose large cell body is located in the lateral horn (de Haro et al., 2010). Its thin processes run ventrally before bifurcating into two main collateral branches which innervate the superior lateral and medial protocerebrum, and the region around the mushroom body pedunculus and calyx (de Haro et al., 2010). There is one of these neurons per hemisphere (de Haro et al., 2010; Cavey et al., 2016).

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adult Mip antennal lobe local neuron [FBbt_00052625]

Adult antennal lobe local neuron that releases Myoinhibitory peptide (Sizemore et al., 2023). These neurons all have a patchy morphology and are also GABAergic (Sizemore et al., 2023). There are approximately 9 of these cells per antennal lobe and they collectively innervate all glomeruli (Sizemore et al., 2023).

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adult Mip antennal lobe local neuron [FBbt_00052625]

Adult antennal lobe local neuron that releases Myoinhibitory peptide (Sizemore et al., 2023). These neurons all have a patchy morphology and are also GABAergic (Sizemore et al., 2023). There are approximately 9 of these cells per antennal lobe and they collectively innervate all glomeruli (Sizemore et al., 2023).

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adult natalisin anterior dorsolateral interneuron [FBbt_00048528]

Adult neuron that expresses the neuropeptide natalisin and has its soma in the anterior dorsolateral brain (Jiang et al., 2013). There is one of these per hemisphere and its processes are close to those of the adult natalisin inferior contralateral interneuron in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Jiang et al., 2013). It is a large bilateral neuron with numerous dense core vesicles (Huoviala et al., 2020).

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adult NPF L1-s neuron (male) [FBbt_00048115]

Neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult male with a small cell body in the anterior dorsolateral brain. There are usually 2 or 3 of these cells per hemisphere and they also express the male isoform of fruitless (Lee et al., 2006). It expresses timeless and belongs to the LNd clock neurons (Lee et al., 2006). It also expresses Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024).

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adult Pdf negative s-LNv neuron [FBbt_00007433]

Adult s-LNv neuron that does not express Pdf (FBgn0023178). There is one of these in each ventral cluster of LN period neurons. It is located more dorsally than the s-LNv Pdf neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 2007; Rieger et al., 2006). It extends a single neurite through the medulla that invades the lamina, forming thin arborizations in the lamina cortex near the retina that terminate at the border of the fenestrated glia (Damulewicz and Pyza, 2011). In the central brain, it extends arborizations that predominantly terminate in the neuropil region close to the pars intercerebralis. This neuron also expresses ion transport peptide (ITP) (Schubert et al., 2018). It is an evening cell (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019).

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adult post-embryonic ventral posterior Ilp7 (female) neuron [FBbt_00110664]

Female-specific adult Ilp7 neuron. There are 3 to 4 of these neurons, in a ventral cluster of the abdominal neuromere with the dMP2 Ilp7 neurons. It is a glutamatergic motor neuron that fasciculates with the abdominal nerve trunk and innervates the oviduct muscle. These cells are generated by post-embryonic neurogenesis in the late third instar larva.

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adult protocerebral LPP2 Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110043]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the lateral posterior protocerebrum and that innervates the superior median protocerebrum and the fan-shaped body. One cluster of around 10 cell bodies is found per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult small dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047242]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are four to six of these cells that have weak expression of Ilp7.

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adult subesophageal Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110056]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin whose cell body is located in the ventromedial subesophageal zone (de Haro et al., 2010). In the brain, it arborizes bilaterally in the gnathal ganglion and tritocerebrum (de Haro et al., 2010). It follows the cervical connective to innervate the thoracic neuromeres (de Haro et al., 2010). It also exits the central nervous system to follow the maxillary and labro-frontal nerves (de Haro et al., 2010). There are two of these neurons per organism (Cavey et al., 2016).

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adult Tachykinin neuron of the thoracic-abdominal ganglion [FBbt_00110051]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the thoracic-abdominal ganglion. There are 10 to 12 pairs in the prothoracic, 5 to 6 in the mesothoracic, 8 to 12 in the metathoracic and 1 to 2 in the abdominal neuromeres (Winther et al., 2003).

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allatostatin C DN3 neuron [FBbt_00052251]

DN3 neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). There are approximately 20 of these per DN3 cluster (Diaz et al., 2019). In females, its AstC levels and steady-state firing rate are reduced in cold temperatures and it is involved in the regulation of egg production in response to cold temperatures (Meiselman et al., 2022).

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allatostatin C-producing thoracic ganglion neuron [FBbt_00059264]

An interneuron of the mesothoracic ganglion that secretes allatostatin C. There are two pairs of such neurons. They extensively innervate the dorsal region of the prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia and send an ascending projection that arborizes around the supraesophageal zone and the inferior dorsal brain. They are present in both sexes. In females, they act downstream of the sex peptide abdominal ganglion neurons (SAGs) to inhibit the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone by the corpus allatum via a hormonal route, thereby contributing to the regulation of vitellogenesis (Zhang et al., 2022).

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allatostatin C-producing thoracic ganglion neuron [FBbt_00059264]

An interneuron of the mesothoracic ganglion that secretes allatostatin C. There are two pairs of such neurons. They extensively innervate the dorsal region of the prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia and send an ascending projection that arborizes around the supraesophageal zone and the inferior dorsal brain. They are present in both sexes. In females, they act downstream of the sex peptide abdominal ganglion neurons (SAGs) to inhibit the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone by the corpus allatum via a hormonal route, thereby contributing to the regulation of vitellogenesis (Zhang et al., 2022).

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anterior-projecting DN3 neuron [FBbt_00059242]

A small DN3 neuron that projects to the posterior side of the brain (Sun et al., 2022). There are 2 or 3 such neurons per hemisphere. They project dendrites to the accessory medulla and receives excitatory input from the DN1 neurons. They send output to the claw neurons (CL) as part of a DN1-APDN3-CL sleep-promoting feedback loop. They express allatostatin C (AstC).

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Dh44 neuron of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047132]

Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the pars intercerebralis. There are three of these cells per hemisphere and they co-express leucokinin receptor (Cabrero et al., 2002; Cannell et al., 2016). These cells follow the nervus corporis cardiaci out of the brain (McKim et al., 2024).

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DN1a [FBbt_00007429]

Adult DN1 neuron with its soma in the anterior superior brain, dorsal to the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) (Shafer et al., 2006; Reinhard et al., 2022). It is glutamatergic and also expresses Nplp1 (IPNamide) and CCHamide1 (Shafer et al., 2006; Collins et al., 2012; Fujiwara et al., 2018; Reinhard et al., 2022) and Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024). It arborizes ipsilaterally in the ventromedial posterior lateral horn and the lateral and dorsal mushroom body accessory calyces with mixed pre- and post-synaptic terminals (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020; Reinhard et al., 2022). A ventral projection extends to the posterior optic commissure and follows it laterally, reaching the accessory medulla, where it has mainly presynaptic terminals (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020; Reinhard et al., 2022). A large amount of input is from the thermosensory VP3 vPN and VP2 adPN neurons (Marin et al., 2020; Alpert et al., 2020). Activity of the cold-responsive VP3 vPN has a strong inhibitory effect on DN1a (Alpert et al., 2020). There are two of these cells per hemisphere and they are primary neurons (Shafer et al., 2006; Bates et al., 2020). One of these cells per hemisphere additionally extends a branch dorsally into the SLP (Reinhard et al., 2022).

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DN2 [FBbt_00003630]

Adult DN period neuron whose medium-sized cell body is located posteriolaterally in the dorsal superior brain (Helfrich-Forster, 2005). A dendritic lateral branch projects into the superior lateral protocerebrum, forming a characteristic loop towards, but not reaching, the ipsilateral anterior optic tubercle (Reinhard et al., 2022). It also has an axonal branch extending contralaterally, via the middle dorsal commissure, terminating in the superior medial protocerebrum just before reaching the contralateral DN2 cell bodies (Reinhard et al., 2022). It expresses Allatostatin C and Proctolin (Reinhard et al., 2024). There are 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Ma et al., 2021).

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DNc01 [FBbt_00047588]

Descending neuron belonging to the DNc group, having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, lobula plate, mushroom body calyx, mushroom body vertical lobe, fan-shaped body, protocerebral bridge, inferior clamp, flange, prow, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, superior lateral protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, inferior posterior slope, superior posterior slope, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, neck neuropil, wing neuropil, haltere neuropil, intermediate tectulum, lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil, T3 leg neuropil, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the dorsal cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018). It is an SIFa neuron (Bates et al., 2025).

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DNc02 [FBbt_00047589]

Descending neuron belonging to the DNc group, having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, lobula plate, lobula, mushroom body calyx, fan-shaped body, protocerebral bridge, inferior clamp, flange, prow, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, superior lateral protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, inferior posterior slope, superior posterior slope, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, neck neuropil, wing neuropil, haltere neuropil, intermediate tectulum, lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil, T3 leg neuropil, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the dorsal cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018). It is an SIFa neuron (Bates et al., 2025).

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DNg30 [FBbt_00047622]

Adult serotonergic descending neuron belonging to the DNg group, having a large cell body in the cell body rind of the lateral gnathal ganglion (Namiki et al., 2018; Scheunemann et al., 2018). One branch projects dorsally to arborize and form presynapses in the ipsilateral anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, superior clamp and superior lateral protocerebrum (Scheunemann et al., 2018). Another branch crosses the midline just ventral to the esophageal foramen and arborizes in the contralateral gnathal ganglion and saddle, where it also forms presynapses (Scheunemann et al., 2018). It descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective, then fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the ventral cervical fascicle and innervates the intermediate and lower tectulum, and the abdominal neuromere (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018; Scheunemann et al., 2018). Its superior clamp arbor outputs to MB-MP1 in the mushroom body pedunculus and it is involved in the initial period of long-term memory consolidation (Scheunemann et al., 2018). It also expresses the sex peptide receptor and myoinhibitory peptide (Mip/AstB) (Scheunemann et al., 2019).

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DNp29 [FBbt_00047662]

Adult neuropeptide F-expressing descending neuron belonging to the DNp group, having a large cell body in the posterior dorsomedial brain (Lee et al., 2006; Namiki et al., 2018). In the brain, it has neurites in the inferior and superior clamp, inferior bridge, cantle, superior lateral protocerebrum, posterior lateral protocerebrum, anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, superior posterior slope, vest and gnathal ganglion (Namiki et al., 2018). It descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective, fasciculates with the ventral medial tract of the ventral cervical fascicle, and innervates the intermediate and lower tectulum, abdominal neuromere and wing sensory neuropil (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Lee et al., 2006; Namiki et al., 2018).

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DNp32 [FBbt_00047665]

Descending neuron belonging to the DNp group, having a cell body on the posterior surface of the brain (Namiki et al., 2018). This neuron does not cross the midline and descends on the ipsilateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, antler, inferior clamp, superior clamp, crepine, flange, prow, saddle, superior lateral protocerebrum, posterior lateral protocerebrum, wedge, gorget, vest, gnathal ganglion, intermediate tectulum, T1 leg neuropil, T2 leg neuropil and T3 leg neuropil (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the dorsal lateral tract of the ventral cervical fascicle and ventral medial tract of the ventral cervical fascicle in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018) and it produces myosuppressin (McKim et al., 2024).

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dorsal anterior lateral 2 neuron of the protocerebrum [FBbt_00059206]

One of the neurons of the dorsal anterior lateral group of the protocerebrum (Xia et al., 2005). It project its axon to the dendritic fields of the PPL1 dopaminergic neurons (Feng et al., 2021). In particular, NPF signaling from this neuron induces post-synaptic responses in PPL1-alpha2alpha'2. It is involved in long-term memory consolidation and retrieval.

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DSKMP1 [FBbt_00051431]

Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells close to the midline in the posterior medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Namiki et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2025). It also expresses fruitless and plays a role in mating behavior in both males and females, but it is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019). There are two subtypes, both of which are descending neurons that arborize bilaterally in the lateral protocerebrum and subesophageal zone, but differ in whether they innervate the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2025).

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DSKMP1A [FBbt_00051433]

Adult Drosulfakinin MP1 neuron that has bilateral projections to the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019). It crosses the midline and descends on the contralateral side of the cervical connective (Namiki et al., 2018). It has neurites in the antennal lobe, medulla, superior clamp, saddle, antennal mechanosensory and motor center, superior medial protocerebrum, superior intermediate protocerebrum, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, epaulette, vest, gnathal ganglion, intermediate tectulum, wing sensory neuropil, T1 median ventral association center, T2 median ventral association center and T3 median ventral association center (Namiki et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the median dorsal abdominal tract in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Namiki et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019).

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DSKMP1B [FBbt_00051434]

Adult Drosulfakinin MP1 neuron that does not project to the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019). In the brain, it has postsynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral and intermediate protocerebrum and superior clamp, and presynapses in the gnathal ganglion, the ipsilateral and contralateral anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the contralateral flange (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Within the VNC, it fasciculates with the median tract of dorsal cervical fasciculus I and sends output to multiple regions (Takemura et al., 2024; Marin et al., 2024). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Wu et al., 2019; Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Sturner et al., 2025).

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DSKMP3 [FBbt_00051432]

Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells in each hemisphere, lateral to the MP1 cells in the medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Wu et al., 2019). It projects to the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and the lateral horn (Wu et al., 2019). It is predominantly ipsilateral, but in some cases extends a short way into the contralateral hemisphere in the dorsal part of the brain (Wu et al., 2019). It also expresses fruitless, but is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019).

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embryonic/larval dorsal Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047232]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the embryo or larva that belongs to the dorsal pair (one cell per hemineuromere) with cell bodies in abdominal neuromere 1 (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008). Unlike other Ilp7 neurons, it also expresses sNPF (Hu et al., 2017). It extends anteriorly and posteriorly along the length of the ventral nerve cord and its axon terminals reach the pars intercerebralis (Hu et al., 2017). It receives input from multidendritic neurons, including class IV neurons (Hu et al., 2017) and its activity can enhance, but not induce, mechanonociceptive responses, dependent on sNPF (Hu et al., 2017).

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fru-pMP2 [FBbt_00111170]

Male-specific fruitless neuron with its soma in the posterior medial protocerebrum, medial to the mushroom body calyx (Yu et al., 2010). It receives input in the brain and descends to the mesothoracic neuromere, where it innervates the wing neuropil (Yu et al., 2010). It expresses allatostatin C (Diaz et al., 2019) and it is cholinergic (Lillvis et al., 2024). There is around one of these cells per hemisphere (Yu et al., 2010; Lillvis et al., 2024). It plays a role in pulse song generation (Lillvis et al., 2024).

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insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00004011]

Insulin-producing neuron with a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. These cells coexpress the genes Insulin-like peptide (Ilp) 2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 (Reinhard et al., 2024). There are approximately 7-9 of these cells per hemisphere and they fasciculate with the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024).

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interoceptive SEZ neuron [FBbt_00048518]

Neuron that predominantly arborizes in the subesophageal zone (SEZ) and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (Jourjine et al., 2016). It expresses the TRPV channel nanchung and detects decreases in osmolality (Jourjine et al., 2016). It expresses Ilp3 and has presynapses in the SEZ (Gonzalez Segarra et al., 2023). There are two of these per hemisphere (Jourjine et al., 2016).

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ITP and CRY expressing LNd neuron [FBbt_00047189]

LNd neuron of the adult brain characterized by the expression of ion transport peptide (ITP) and cryptochrome (CRY) (Schubert et al., 2018). From the cell body in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP), the neuron projects medially around the anterior optic tract (AOT) and dorsally along the surface of the lateral horn (LH) (Schubert et al., 2018). At the posterior surface of the LH, the neuron branches (Schubert et al., 2018). One main branch projects towards the medulla, via the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and the accessory medulla (AME), with extensive further branching (Schubert et al., 2018). The other main branch innervates the superior neuropils (Schubert et al., 2018). Projections from both hemispheres overlap in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) (Schubert et al., 2018). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Schubert et al., 2018).

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KCab [FBbt_00100248]

Mushroom body neuron that bifurcates at the anterior end of the pedunculus and projects into the alpha and beta lobes of the adult mushroom body (Lee et al., 1999). The alpha/beta neurons are the last born of the Kenyon cells, generated during the pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999). In the pedunculus, the alpha/beta neurons occupy the core stratum with the alpha’/beta’ neurons in the intermediate stratum and the gamma neurons at the periphery (Tanaka et al., 2008; Li et al., 2020). They are cholinergic neurons (Pankova & Borst, 2017) and they express sNPF (Johard et al., 2008; Barnstedt et al., 2016; Croset et al., 2018). There are around 900-1000 of these cells per hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Li et al., 2020).

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KCab-c [FBbt_00110929]

Alpha/beta mushroom body neuron that has dendrites in the main calyx, with its axons occupying the core layer of the peduncle, alpha and beta lobes (Strausfeld et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2008). They can be subdivided into inner and outer core cells (Tanaka et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2017). There are around 400 of these neurons in each hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Takemura et al., 2017).

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KCab-p [FBbt_00110931]

Alpha/beta mushroom body neuron that has its dendrites in the dorsal accessory calyx, with no arborization in the main calyx (Aso et al., 2014; Li et al., 2020). It occupies the outermost stratum and the posterior layer at the tip of the alpha and beta lobes (Tanaka et al., 2008). In the shaft region of the alpha lobe, alpha/beta posterior Kenyon cell form mesh-like arrangements, with one or two nodes where axons appear to gather. In the pedunculus, their axons form several bundles, which run through the outermost layer of the central zone. They are the first-born alpha/beta Kenyon cells (Aso et al., 2014). There are around 60-90 of these neurons in each hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Takemura et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020). They receive visual input in the dorsal accessory calyx, but this is mainly from local visual interneurons, rather than visual projection neurons (Li et al., 2020).

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KCab-sc [FBbt_00049838]

Alpha/beta mushroom body neuron that has dendrites in the main calyx and whose axons form concentrically layered regions of the alpha and beta lobes (Takemura et al., 2017). They are born after the alpha/beta posterior neurons and are organized by birth order, with later-born neurons located more centrally (Takemura et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020). There are around 800-900 of these neurons in each hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Takemura et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020).

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KCg-d [FBbt_00110932]

Gamma Kenyon cell of the adult with its dendrites in the ventral accessory calyx and its axon following the dorsal layer of the gamma lobe (Aso et al., 2014). It projects through the most peripheral layer of the pedunculus, and then ventral anterior parts of gamma lobe slices 1 to 4, terminating in a dorsal region of slice 5 (Aso et al., 2014). There are around 100 neurons of this subtype per hemisphere (Li et al., 2020). Their dendrites do not have the claw-like morphology seen in the main calyx and their main inputs are from visual projection neurons (Li et al., 2020). They are cholinergic neurons (Davis et al., 2020).

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l-LNv [FBbt_00003763]

Neuron of the period-expressing LNv cluster of the adult brain, with a large cell body and generally located more dorsally than the s-LNv neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 1998). There are four of these cells per hemisphere, all of which express Pdf (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). These neurons send dendrites through the posterior optic commissure to the contralateral optic lobe, where a few short fibers terminate in the accessory medulla, but most arborize extensively in the medulla itself (Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). These arborizations in the medulla are associated with varicosities. These cells also project to the ipsilateral (adjacent) accessory medulla and its ventral extension, where they arborize extensively.

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larval A1-A4 CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111332]

Larval CCAP-expressing neuron with a soma in one of abdominal neuromeres 1-4 (Kim et al., 2006). It also expresses Bursicon, Partner of Bursicon, Myoinhibiting peptide precursor and Allatostatin C (Kim et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2015). There are two of these neurons in each A1-4 hemineuromere (Kim et al., 2006; Karsai et al., 2013). They are necessary for ecdysis behavior and are direct targets of ecdysis triggering hormone (Kim et al., 2015).

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larval A5-A7 CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111333]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located laterally in one of abdominal neuromeres A5 to A7, between the height of the VL and DL fascicles (Santos et al., 2007; Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations. There is one of these cells per A5-A7 hemineuromere (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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larval abdominal CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111331]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located around the abdominal neuromeres. There are two neurons in each hemineuromere, except in A8 and A9 where there are 3. It sends a neurite beneath the transversal projection TP4 ventromedially, where the neurites from both sides join in proximity to the VM fascicle. These neurites from extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles.

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larval abdominal ganglion Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110053]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located ventrolaterally in each neuromere of the abdominal ganglion. Each neuron produces a pair of axons, one of which projects dorsally and emerges from the ventral ganglia through an anterior segmental nerve of each hemineuromere. The other branch divides centrally into two branches: one send its neurites to the anterior ABLK and the other ventrally to the posterior ABLK. From each segmental nerve one axon emerges that synapses to the adjacent segment border muscle, close to the spiracle (Haro et al., 2010; Landgraf et al., 2003). These synapses lack the typical morphology of motor-neuron synapses (Landgraf et al., 2003) and are not glutamatergic (Haro et al., 2010). There is one pair of neurons in each of seven abdominal neuromeres (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval Akh secreting cell [FBbt_00058018]

Peptidergic neuron that secretes the glucagon-like Adipokinetic hormone (Akh). This includes all and only the cells of the larval corpus cardiacum (Lee and Park, 2004; Park et al., 2008). They have projections to the prothoracic gland and the aorta, where they have peptide-release sites (Lee and Park, 2004; Hughson et al., 2021). They can store insulin like peptides released by the insulin secreting cells of the pars intercerebralis and release these, along with Akh, to the prothoracic gland (Ghosh et al., 2022). They are involved in regulating larval developmental rate in low-nutrient conditions (Hughson et al., 2021; Ghosh et al., 2022). Each corpus cardiacum lobe contains approximately 7-8 of these cells (Lee and Park, 2004; Park et al., 2008).

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larval anterior large descending DN Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110037]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the anterior protocerebrum and that innervates the ventral nerve cord. At the third instar larval stage, these neurons also form arborizations at two sites near the midline of the protocerebrum and in the subesophageal ganglion. At the level of the ventral nerve cord, this neuron has one main axon and two additional processes, one longer and one shorter than the main axon. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000).

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larval CCAP A1-A4 EN abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111351]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901), Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713) of the abdominal neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects mediodorsally and dorsolaterally until it leaves the central neuropil. It then diverges in the dorsal cortex, projects via the segmental nerve to the periphery and forms type III terminals on body wall ventral longitudinal muscles 1 and 2.

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larval CCAP A1-A4 IN abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111350]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901), Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713) of the abdominal neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP protocerebrum IN-1 neuron [FBbt_00111343]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is in the protocerebrum rind. It branches in the ipsilateral dorsomedial protocerebrum with some neurites reaching the dorsolateral protocerebrum and extending to the contralateral dorsomedial protocerebrum. Often, an ipsilateral neurite extends ventrally through the posterior basomedial protocerebrum to terminate in the subesophageal ganglion.

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larval CCAP protocerebrum IN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111344]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is in the protocerebrum rind. The primary neurite branches medially in the dorsomedial protocerebrum and projects ventrally through the posterior basomedial protocerebrum forming short neurites in the basomedial protocerebrum. It then projects ventrally, exiting the brain and terminating at a position between the abdominal neuromere A4 to A7. One neurite from the dorsomedial protocerebrum crosses the midline and projects ventrally similar to the ipsilateral neurite.

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larval CCAP subesophageal EN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111347]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite extends medially, forming arborizations close to the cell body and between the ipsilateral DM and VM fascicles in the same segment. It then crosses the midline where it projects dorsally and then ventrally, and exits the brain via the maxillary nerve.

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larval CCAP subesophageal IN-1 neuron [FBbt_00111345]

The most anterior of the larval neurons that express CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite projects medially, forming extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles in the subesophageal ganglion.

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larval CCAP subesophageal IN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111346]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite crosses the midline and arborizes close to it, and branches: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP T3 EN thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111349]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) of the metathoracic neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects mediodorsally and dorsolaterally until it leaves the central neuropil. It then diverges in the dorsal cortex, projects via the segmental nerve to the periphery and forms type III terminals on body wall ventral longitudinal muscles 1 and 2.

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larval CCAP T3 IN thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111348]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) of the metathoracic neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval corazonin neuron of pars lateralis [FBbt_00052005]

Larval corazonin-expressing neuron that has its soma in the pars lateralis (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It projects to the ring gland, via the nervus corporis cardiaci, where it has peptide release sites in the aorta, corpus cardiacum, corpus allatum and the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Imura et al., 2020; Huckesfeld et al., 2021; McKim et al., 2024). In the prothoracic gland, it makes contacts with the PTTH neurons, which express the corazonin receptor (Imura et al., 2020). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Park et al., 2008; Imura et al., 2020). It also expresses short neuropeptide F (Park et al., 2008).

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larval corpus allatum innervating neuron CA-LP 1 [FBbt_00007461]

Larval neurosecretory neuron whose soma is located in the cortex of the antero-dorsal region of the lateral protocerebrum, medial to CA-LP 2, and whose axon projects to the corpus allatum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Its axon runs caudally on a slightly curved path to join the nervus corporis cardiaci (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It passes the corpus cardiacum and the lateral limb of the prothoracic gland to reach the corpus allatum, where it has its peptide release sites (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31) (Kurogi et al., 2023). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).

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larval corpus allatum innervating neuron CA-LP 2 [FBbt_00007462]

Larval neurosecretory neuron whose soma is located in the cortex of the lateral protocerebrum, lateral to CA-LP 1, and whose axon projects to the corpus allatum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Its axon follows an anterior path towards the mushroom body, then one branch joins the nervus corporis cardiaci and a smaller branch extends towards the midline (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). The main branch projects to the corpus allatum, where it has its peptide release sites (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31) (Kurogi et al., 2023). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).

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larval corpus cardiacum-innervating Hugin neuron [FBbt_00007468]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin and whose soma is located in the cortex of the medial subesophageal ganglion, just below the esophageal foramen (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Schlegel et al., 2016). It projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). The vast majority of its synaptic inputs are in the subesophageal zone, from interneurons, and it does not have synaptic outputs within the central nervous system (Schlegel et al., 2016). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval Dh44 neuron of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047128]

Diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44)-expressing neuron having a cell body located in the larval pars intercerebralis (PI). There are three of these cells per hemisphere, and they also express leucokinin receptor (Cabrero et al., 2002). Its dendrites extend ventrally and its axon crosses the midline, loops posteriorly, then anteriorly, joining the nervus corporis cardiaci (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It has peptide release sites in the aorta and corpus cardiacum (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).

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larval dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00100534]

Larval dMP2 neuron. These cells develop from the embryonic dMP2 neurons of neuromeres A6-9, which begin to express Ilp7 shortly before larval hatching (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008). There are two per segment. All project to the hindgut. These projections have Ilp7 positive swellings associated with circular visceral muscle. Their terminals are also sites of Ilp7 localization.

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larval Eh neurosecretory neuron [FBbt_00006028]

Larval neuron that expresses eclosion hormone (Eh). There is one of these in each hemisphere, with its soma in the tritocerebrum (Horodyski et al., 1993; Siegmund and Korge, 2001). Branches extend anteriorly and posteriorly, spanning the entire length of the central nervous system (Horodyski et al., 1993; Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It synapses onto other ring gland projection neurons and neurons in the ventral nerve cord that may be involved in ecdysis motor programs (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). Another branch extends posteriorly, then anteriorly, and follows the nervus corporis cardiaci to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It releases Eh around the time of ecdysis (Horodyski et al., 1993).

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larval GPA2/GPB5 neuron of the ventral nerve cord [FBbt_00110880]

A larval neuron that expresses GPA2/GPB5 (FBgn0261386 and FBgn0063368) and that is located in the ventral nerve cord ganglion. There are 4 pairs of bilateral neurons in the first 4 abdominal neuromeres. The axons of these neurons leave the neuropil via the segmental nerves and innervate abdominal muscles.

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larval Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110921]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin. There are approximately 20 of these neurons per larva, with their cell bodies located in the ventral mandibular and maxillary neuromeres (Melcher and Pankratz, 2005; Park et al., 2008). They can be divided into distinct subsets based on whether they project to the protocerebrum, ventral nerve cord, ring gland or the pharynx (Bader et al., 2007). All larval Hugin neurons receive synaptic input within the subesophageal zone (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval iag neuron [FBbt_00048315]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the eighth larval abdominal neuromere (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one dorsal lateral pair and two or three, more posterior, ventral pairs of these neurons, which extend axons medially, then exit via the eighth abdominal nerve to the hindgut (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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larval insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00110035]

Insulin-producing neurosecretory cell with its cell body in the larval pars intercerebralis (Ikeya et al., 2002). The same cells express Ilp2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 mRNA with different temporal profiles (Ikeya et al., 2002). An axonal branch projects to the contralateral side, looping posteriorly then anteriorly, and entering the nervus corporis cardiaci (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). This branch projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and along the aorta (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Rulifson et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). Dendrites extend ventrally, close to the midline, reaching the subesophageal zone, and laterally, into the lateral protocerebrum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Rulifson et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It receives synaptic input from hugin neurons of the protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2016). There are seven of these cells in each hemisphere (Cao and Brown, 2001; Rulifson et al., 2002; Ikeya et al., 2002; Park et al., 2008).

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larval ipc-1 neuron [FBbt_00047844]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the larval pars lateralis. Its axon projects to the ring gland and has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and aorta (Dircksen et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). There is some heterogeneity among this population; some cells may cross the midline and some may have release sites in the corpus allatum or prothoracic gland (Dircksen et al., 2008). Dendrites extend ventrally, close to the midline, reaching the subesophageal zone (Dircksen et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). They express the neuropeptide Leucokinin and this can be detected in the corpus cardiacum terminals, although it is less apparent in the soma (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval lateral horn Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110057]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located in the anterodorsal brain and projects to a ventromedial location. The main neurite bifurcates into two collaterals during late larval stages, with the main one being in close proximity to the medial antennal lobe tract. The collaterals arborize close to the mushroom body pedunculus and calyx. There is one neuron per hemisphere (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval mesothoracic CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111329]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and bursicon (FBgn0038901), and whose soma is located in the mesothoracic neuromere. There is one of these cells per hemineuromere (Santos et al., 2007). The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval metathoracic CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111330]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901), and whose soma is located in the ventral metathoracic neuromere, approximately at the height of the VL fascicle (Santos et al., 2007). There are two of these cells per hemineuromere (Santos et al., 2007), one interneuron and one efferent neuron.

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larval MP1 neuron [FBbt_00001599]

Interneuron residing slightly anterior and ventral to the posterior commissure in the corner formed by the connectives and the posterior commissure (Bossing and Technau, 1994). Its ipsilateral projection bifurcates in an anterior and posterior branch (which spans up to three neuromeres) that run within the medial sector of the connective. It is a peptidergic neurosecretory cell (Manning et al., 2012).

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larval Ms cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047216]

Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses dromyosuppressin (DMS) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, and they are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and SIFamide (Park et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It fasciculates with the nervus corporis cardiaci and has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Wegener et al., 2011; Huckesfeld et al., 2021).

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larval Pdf neuron of abdominal neuromere [FBbt_00100169]

Pdf-expressing neuron whose cell body is located in a ventral cluster in the eighth larval abdominal neuromere of the ventral ganglion. There are 8 of these per cluster - each projecting though the paired eighth abdominal nerve to the posterior end of the larva (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). They are glutamatergic motor neurons that arborize over the posterior end of the hindgut, with refined branches and abundant bouton structures (Zhang et al., 2014).

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larval pharynx-innervating Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110350]

Larval Hugin neuron that projects to the anterior pharynx. The neurites leave the subesophageal ganglion, make a U-turn and terminate at the anterior region of the dorsal pharyngeal muscles. This neuron is part of the dopaminergic SM1 cluster of the larval brain. There are two of these cells per hemisphere, the vast majority of their synaptic inputs are from interneurons, and they do not have synaptic outputs within the central nervous system (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval prothoracic CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111328]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the prothoracic neuromere. There is one of these cells per hemineuromere (Santos et al., 2007). The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval protocerebral Pr Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110041]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) and whose cell body and arborization are located in the dorsal or medial protocerebrum (Siviter et al., 2000). The number of neurons increases during larval stages: 5 pairs are observed at first instar stage and 11 at prepupal stage P1. In third instar larvae some of these neurons have bilateral arborizations crossing the midline by two commissures (Winther et al., 2003).

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larval protocerebrum-innervating Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110922]

Cholinergic larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) and that arborizes in the protocerebrum (Bader et al., 2007; Schlegel et al., 2016). This neuron arborizes in the ipsilateral or both hemispheres of the protocerebrum and the ventrolateral region of the esophagus foramen. As well as receiving inputs in the subesophageal ganglion, they also have outputs in the subesophageal ganglion. There are four of these neurons per hemisphere and they form reciprocal ipsilateral connections amongst themselves and also have outputs to insulin secreting cells of the pars intercerebralis (Schlegel et al., 2016). Much of their synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval PTTH neuron of pars lateralis [FBbt_00007457]

Larval neurosecretory neuron that secretes prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and innervates the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; McBrayer et al., 2007). It has its soma in the cortex of the lateral protocerebrum (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It runs along the anterior brain at the cortex/neuropil interface, forming dendritic collaterals, before traversing the midline and entering the contralateral nervus corporis cardiaci to reach the ring gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). Its peptide release sites are found in the corpus cardiacum and the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It expresses corazonin receptor and has close contact with corazonin neurons in the prothoracic gland (Imura et al., 2020). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).

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larval s-LNv Pdf neuron [FBbt_00100167]

Larval s-LNv neuron that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178) from 4-5 hours after hatching and persists into adulthood (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). Its cell body is located close to the larval optic neuropil, into which dendritic fibers extend, spanning the distal and intermediate regions (Larderet et al., 2017). It projects to the superior lateral protocerebrum, where it has presynaptic terminals (Larderet et al., 2017). There are four of these cells per hemisphere.

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larval SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047217]

Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Park et al., 2008). These cells are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and dromyosuppressin (Park et al., 2008). All of these neurons have a major axon which projects to the contralateral side and extends into the ventral nerve cord, while a minor one projects to the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Terhzaz et al., 2007).

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larval subesophageal Capability neuron [FBbt_00047738]

Larval Capability-releasing neuron with its cell body in the posterior medial labial neuromere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Kean et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). There is one of these cells on each side, with a large cell body (Kean et al., 2002; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It develops from neuroblast NB5-3 during embryogenesis (Gabilondo et al., 2011). Its axon runs on an outwardly curved path toward the dorsal midline, crosses it, and projects to the cerebral ganglion before joining the nervus corporis cardiaci (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Kean et al., 2002). It has peptide release sites in the corpus cardiacum and the aorta (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).

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larval subesophageal Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110055]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The axon collaterals in the brain form a complex pattern of thin neurites that project in the subesophageal ganglion and tritocerebrum. The axons extend along the ventral nerve cord innervating the contralateral side and to form a ladder-like structure. The axons connect to the end of the abdominal ganglia in a terminal plexus. The axons that extend along the ventral nerve cord connect to the leucokinin ABLK neurons. There are two to three pairs of neurons (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval Tachykinin neuron of the ventral cord [FBbt_00110048]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the abdominal neuromere. The number of neurons increases throughout larval development: 1 pair at first instar, two to three at second instar, 4 to 8 pairs at early third instar, 7 to 10 late third instar and 7 to 8 at prepupal stage P1 (Winther et al., 2003).

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larval thoracic CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111327]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) and whose soma is located in a thoracic neuromere. There is one of these located ventrolaterally in each pro- and mesothoracic hemineuromere, and two in each metathoracic hemineuromere (Santos et al., 2007). It sends a neurite beneath the transversal projection TP4 ventromedially, where its neurites meet those of its contralateral equivalent in proximity to the VM fascicle (Santos et al., 2007). It forms extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles (Santos et al., 2007).

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larval tritocerebral Tr Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110039]

A larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the tritocerebral neuropils and that innervates the subesophageal ganglion. There are one to two pairs in first instar larvae, and three in the other larval stages (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000).

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larval Va Capability neuron [FBbt_00110116]

Larval Capability-expressing neurosecretory neuron whose cell body is located ventrally in an abdominal segment (Kean et al., 2002; Santos et al., 2007). Its axon projects dorsomedially, passing below the central intermediate and dorsal median tracts, to reach the midline near transverse projection 3, where it joins the axon of the contralateral Va neuron (Santos et al., 2007). The two axons project dorsally together a short distance before diverging and forming a loop inside the neuropil and dorsal cortex (Santos et al., 2007). The loop closes just before the neurites leave the ventral nerve cord and innervate an abdominal neurohemal organ (Santos et al., 2007). There is one of these neurons in each A2-A4 hemineuromere (Suska et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018).

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larval Va neurosecretory neuron [FBbt_00053352]

Larval neurosecretory neuron with its soma located ventrally in one of larval abdominal neuromeres A1-4 (Suska et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018). It belongs to the primary NB5-3 Notch OFF hemilineage (Gabilondo et al., 2011; Gabilondo et al., 2018). The A2-4 neurons express Capability, while the A1 neuron expresses Dh31 and AstA (Gabilondo et al., 2018).

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larval VNC-innervating Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110923]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) and that projects to the ventral nerve cord (Bader et al., 2007). This neuron has a long projection travelling down contralaterally along the lateral neuropil border of the ventral nerve cord. Three or four shorter fibers project on either side of the midline. Two fibers project anteriorly and pass along either side of the esophagus foramen, terminating at the medial end of the protocerebrum. There are two of these neurons per hemisphere and they form reciprocal ipsilateral connections amongst themselves (Schlegel et al., 2016). Much of their synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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LMIo [FBbt_00053237]

Adult Myoinhibitory peptide-expressing neuron with an anterior soma in the lateral protocerebrum, at the base of the medulla (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011). It arborizes in the ipsilateral medulla and in the mediolateral and dorsolateral protocerebrum (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011; Min et al., 2016). At least one per hemisphere has wide-field tangential arborizations in a layer just distal to the lamina synaptic neuropil (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2011).

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LNv [FBbt_00004046]

Lateral period-expressing neuron (LN) of the adult brain whose cell body is located in the ventral cluster of LNs, at the level of the esophageal foramen (Helfrich-Forster, 1998). It has neurites associated with the accessory medulla (aMe) (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). The LN neuronal group are necessary and sufficient for generation of robust adult locomotor rhythms in the absence of environmental cues (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). There are approximately nine of these cells per hemisphere (Ma et al., 2021). They are peptidergic, with eight per hemisphere expressing Pdf and the other expressing ion transport peptide (Johard et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2021).

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LPN [FBbt_00007432]

Adult period-expressing neuron with its soma in the cell body rind of the posterior lateral protocerebrum, medial to the LNd cluster (Shafer et al., 2006; Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Reinhard et al., 2022). Its neurite bifurcates in the superior clamp, sending branches to the superior lateral and superior medial protocerebra, where it arborizes (Reinhard et al., 2022). It is cholinergic and expresses the Allatostatin A, Allatostatin C and Diuretic hormone 31 neuropeptides at varying levels throughout the day (Diaz et al., 2019; Ni et al., 2019; Reinhard et al., 2022; Reinhard et al., 2024). It also expresses Dh44 (Reinhard et al., 2024). It is involved in regulation of circadian sleep and activity levels (Ni et al., 2019; Reinhard et al., 2022). There are around three of these cells per hemisphere, with one having a slightly broader arborization pattern and a different connectivity profile compared to the other two (Reinhard et al., 2022).

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NPFD1 [FBbt_00048118]

Male-specific neuropeptide F-expressing neuron of the adult with a cell body in the anterior dorsal brain, ventral to the D2 neurons, dorsolateral to the antennal lobe (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019). It arborizes extensively in the superior brain (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019). Its peptide release sites are in the anterior medial brain and its release of NPF suppresses male courtship (Liu et al., 2019). There are approximately 3 of these cells per hemisphere and they also express the male isoform of fruitless (Lee et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2019).

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ORN_DA1 [FBbt_00067031]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or67d (Benton et al., 2025). It also expresses fruitless (Yu et al., 2010) and sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal trichoid sensillum at1 (Couto et al., 2005; Grabe et al., 2016). It responds to the male pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) (van der Goes et al., 2007). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus DA1, bilaterally, fasciculating with the antennal lobe commissure (Kaur et al., 2019). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 60-65 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_DA2 [FBbt_00067063]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or56a and Or33a (Stensmyr et al., 2012). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal basiconic sensillum ab4 and it detects geosmin (via the Or56a receptor), which indicates the presence of harmful microbes (Stensmyr et al., 2012). Its axon innervates the DA2 glomerulus in the ipsilateral antennal lobe, then crosses the midline via the antennal commissure to innervate the contralateral antennal lobe glomerulus DA2 (Stocker et al., 1990; Stensmyr et al., 2012). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nab precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 20 of these cells on each side (Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_DA4l [FBbt_00067048]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or43a (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal intermediate sensillum ai3 and it responds to indoles and alcohols (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It innervates the antennal lobe glomerulus DA4l bilaterally, fasciculating with the antennal lobe commissure (Kaur et al., 2019). It develops from an Naa precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 20 of these on each side (Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_DL3 [FBbt_00067011]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or65a, Or65b and Or65c (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from an antennal trichoid sensillum at4 (Couto et al., 2005; Grabe et al., 2016) that houses three neurons (Gonzales et al., 2021). It responds to the male pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) (van der Goes et al., 2007). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus DL3, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There around 20-40 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_DL4 [FBbt_00067055]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or49a and Or85f (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from basiconic sensillum ab10 and it responds to iridoids (Benton et al., 2025). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus DL4, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 20-25 of these cells per side in females and around 10 in males (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_DM2 [FBbt_00067025]

Bilateral olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or22a and Or22b (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal basiconic sensillum ab3 and it responds to esters (Benton et al., 2025). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus DM2, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 18 of these cells on each side in males and 28 in females (Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VA1v [FBbt_00067056]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or47b (Benton et al., 2025). It also expresses fruitless (Yu et al., 2010) and sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It innervates the antennal lobe glomerulus VA1v bilaterally, fasciculating with the antennal lobe commissure (Kaur et al., 2019). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal trichoid sensillum at4 (Couto et al., 2005; Grabe et al., 2016). It responds to a pheromone secreted by males and females (van der Goes et al., 2007). It develops from an Nab precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are around 40-50 of these cells on each side (Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VA4 [FBbt_00067051]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or85d (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from maxillary palp basiconic sensillum pb3 and it responds to 2-phenethyl acetate and phenethyl propionate (Benton et al., 2025). It innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VA4, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 15-20 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VA6 [FBbt_00067044]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or82a (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from antennal basiconic sensillum ab5 and it responds to geranyl acetate (Benton et al., 2025). It innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VA6, bilaterally, fasciculating with the antennal lobe commissure (Kaur et al., 2019). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nab precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 30 of these on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VA7l [FBbt_00067052]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or46aA and has its sensory dendrite in maxillary palp basiconic sensillum pb2 (Benton et al., 2025). It responds to phenol and methylphenols (Benton et al., 2025). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VA7l, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nab precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 8-12 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VC1 [FBbt_00067036]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or33c and Or85e (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from maxillary palp basiconic sensillum pb2 and it responds to various odorants associated with plant matter (Benton et al., 2025). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VC1, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 12-14 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VC2 [FBbt_00067041]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or71a (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from maxillary palp basiconic sensillum pb1 and it responds to ethylphenols (Benton et al., 2025). It innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VC2, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nba precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 11-15 of these on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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ORN_VM7d [FBbt_00067042]

Adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) that expresses Or42a (Benton et al., 2025). Its dendrite transduces signals from maxillary palp basiconic sensillum pb1 (Couto et al., 2005; Endo et al., 2007). It responds to esters and ketones (Benton et al., 2025). Its axon innervates antennal lobe glomerulus VM7 dorsal compartment, bilaterally (Benton et al., 2025). It expresses sNPF (Carlsson et al., 2010). It develops from an Nab precursor (Benton et al., 2025). There are approximately 15 of these cells on each side (Grabe et al., 2016; Benton et al., 2025).

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Pdf neuron close to tritocerebrum [FBbt_00003766]

Neuron with its soma located anteroventrally in the adult tritocerebrum that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178) strongly until 24hrs after eclosion, after which Pdf immunoreactivity in the soma disappears (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). Within 2-4 days post-eclosion, Pdf immunoreactivity is also lost from the arborizations (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). There are 1-2 bilateral pairs of these in the pharate and newly-eclosed adult (Selcho et al., 2018). They arborize in the medial tritocerebrum around the periesophageal neuropils and in the gnathal ganglion, a varicose branch extends dorsally, via the median bundle, to the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018). It has presynapses, postsynapses and peptidergic (Pdf) release sites in the subesophageal zone and the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).

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pupal A5-A7 late CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052352]

Pupal late CCAP neuron whose soma is located in abdominal neuromeres A5 to A7 (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It expresses Bursicon and Partner of Bursicon in addition to CCAP (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012) There is one of these cells in each A5-A7 hemineuromere (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It extends an axon to the periphery via a lateral nerve trunk (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It is involved in leg extension during pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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pupal A8-A9 late CCAP neuron [FBbt_00111334]

Pupal late CCAP neuron whose soma is located in abdominal neuromeres A8 to A9 (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It does not express Bursicon (Zhao et al., 2008; Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). There are three of these cells on each side (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It is involved in head eversion during pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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pupal late CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052350]

CCAP-expressing neuron that develops from an undifferentiated primary neuron shortly before pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). There are 12 of these, found in posterior abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord. These neurons can trigger pupal ecdysis, which does not require the earlier-differentiating larval CCAP neurons (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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s-LNv [FBbt_00007428]

Neuron of the period-expressing LNv cluster of the adult brain, with a small cell body and generally located more ventrally than the l-LNv neurons (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). There are 5 cells present in each cluster, all except one of which express Pdf (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2021). These cells also express sNPF (Johard et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2021).

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s-LNv Pdf neuron [FBbt_00003764]

Adult s-LNv neuron that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178). There are four of these in each ventral cluster of LNs. Short, fine fibers lacking presynaptic sites contact the accessory medulla, whilst longer processes project toward the dorsal protocerebrum and terminate dorsofrontal to the mushroom body calyx close to the pars lateralis and close to the DN2 neurons (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). Thes dorsal arbors contain both pre- and postsynaptic connections, including reciprocal connections to DN1p neurons (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010, Fernandez et al., 2020), and their morphology and connectivity vary throughout the day (Gorostiza et al., 2014). Pdf rich dense-synaptic vesicles accumulate in terminal varicosities in these cells, but are not associated with presynaptic sites (Miskiewicz et al., 2004; Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010). They can be observed docked at the plasma membrane, suggesting paracrine release of Pdf. They drive the morning locomotor activity peak (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019) and display a morning neural activity peak that precedes this increased locomotor activity (Liang et al., 2016).

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SIFa [FBbt_00047427]

Neuron of the adult pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) (Verleyen et al., 2004; Terhzaz et al., 2007). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, thought to be the only SIFamide-expressing cells of the adult central nervous system (Terhzaz et al., 2007). They innervate large parts of the brain and ventral nerve cord (Terhzaz et al., 2007), including the mushroom body calyx and alpha lobe slice 3 (Aso et al., 2014). These neurons play a role in inhibiting courtship behavior in males and reducing receptivity in females (Terhzaz et al., 2007).

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SLP249 [FBbt_20002643]

Adult anterior-projecting DN3 neuron with its soma lateral to the lateral horn (Sun et al., 2022; Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the SLPpl1 hemilineage (Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024). It remains ipsilateral, receiving input in the superior and posterior lateral protocerebrum, superior clamp and accessory medulla (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its main output regions are the superior lateral protocerebrum, superior clamp and anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). There are approximately 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).

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SMP367 [FBbt_00111317]

Adult descending neuron that expresses Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), whose soma is located in the posterior superior medial protocerebrum cell body rind, mediolateral to the mushroom body calyx (Selcho et al., 2018; Reinhard et al., 2024). It belongs to the SMPpv1 hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). There are two of these neurons per hemisphere, with seemingly identical innervation patterns, and they are the only CCAP cells of the central brain to survive throughout adulthood (Selcho et al., 2018). It arborizes, mainly ipsilaterally, in the superior medial protocerebrum, with pre- and postsynapses (Selcho et al., 2018; Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It follows the median bundle to innervate the flange on both sides (Selcho et al., 2018). It is involved in regulating ingestion (Gonzalez Segarra et al., 2023).

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sNPF and CRY expressing LNd neuron [FBbt_00047186]

LNd neuron of the adult brain characterized by the expression of short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and cryptochrome (CRY), and the absence of ion transport peptide (ITP) (Schubert et al., 2018). It also expresses Trissin (Ma et al., 2021). From the posterior surface of the lateral horn (LH), one branch descends towards, but does not innervate, the accessory medulla (AME), running along the edge of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and innervating more medial locations (Schubert et al., 2018). Another branch projects to the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP), where it trifurcates, with two projections continuing to dorsal parts of the brain and one running to the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) (Schubert et al., 2018). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Schubert et al., 2018).

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sugar-sensing neuron of the adult brain [FBbt_00058222]

Chemosensory neuron in the posterior superior lateral protocerebrum that expresses the fructose receptor Gr43a and the sugar receptor Gr64a (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). It senses sugars in the hemolymph to regulate feeding (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). There are 2-4 of these cells per brain hemisphere (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015). They also secrete corazonin (Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014). Unlike other brain corazonin neurons, they do not project via the nervus corporis cardiaci (McKim et al., 2024).

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