Tag: GO

1,4-alpha-oligoglucan phosphorylase activity [GO_0004645]

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.

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14-3-3 protein binding [GO_0071889]

Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.

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2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase [GO_0120241]

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. This enzyme, which has been found in all species and tissues examined, catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. The reactions, which can occur spontaneously, are accelerated to minimize the cellular damage that could be caused by these reactive intermediates (from EC:3.5.99.10).

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3 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding [GO_0051538]

Binding to a 3 iron, 4 sulfur (3Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of three iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. It is essentially a 4Fe-4S cluster with one iron missing.

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5'-3' RNA polymerase activity [GO_0034062]

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3'-end.

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ABC-type transporter activity [GO_0140359]

Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.

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ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents [GO_0015662]

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.

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acetylation-dependent protein binding [GO_0140033]

Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require acetylation of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of acetylation. It may be that the acetylation causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of acetylation-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.

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acetylcholine binding [GO_0042166]

Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

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acetylcholine receptor activity [GO_0015464]

Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. For nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that act as ion channels, instead use ‘acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity ; GO:0022848’.

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acetylcholine transport [GO_0015870]

The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

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acinar cell differentiation [GO_0090425]

The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.

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acinar cell proliferation [GO_1990863]

The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).

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actin cytoskeleton organization [GO_0030036]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

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actin filament [GO_0005884]

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.

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actin filament organization [GO_0007015]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

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action potential [GO_0001508]

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so.

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Activated ERK1/2 threonine-phosphorylates FGFR4-associated FRS2. [GO_0004707]

Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.

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activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process [GO_0006919]

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. This term should be used when the annotation refers to a process that occurs in a context of apoptotic cell death. To annotate gene products involved in activation of cysteine-type endopeptidases in other cellular process (e.g., cell cycle arrest) that do not necessarily develop into an apoptotic process, please use the more general parent term GO:0097202. Examples of ‘activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process’ are cytochrome c and Apaf1. When cytochrome c is released from mitochondria and forms a complex with Apaf1, they form a scaffolding platform in which the pro-caspase 9 is bound (the ‘apoptosome’). The caspase is then cleaved and activated. Cytochrome c and Apaf1 are therefore involved in the conversion of the zymogen procaspase 9 to the active form of the caspase.

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active transmembrane transporter activity [GO_0022804]

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute’s concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

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activin receptor activity [GO_0017002]

Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand activin. For binding to other extracellular ligands, consider annotating to terms under ‘transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.

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actomyosin structure organization [GO_0031032]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. Note that this term is a child of ‘actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036’ because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins.

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acyl carnitine transport [GO_0006844]

The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.

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acyl carrier activity [GO_0000036]

Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

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acyl-CoA binding [GO_0120227]

Binding to an acyl-CoA, a thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.

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Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP [GO_0004161]

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate. Note that this is the first step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The second step is ‘geranyltranstransferase activity ; GO:0004337’. Consider also annotating to the biological process term ‘farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337’.

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adenosine-phosphate deaminase activity [GO_0047623]

Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP. Consider instead annotating to one of the more specific terms: AMP deaminase activity ; GO:0003876, ADP deaminase activity ; GO:0047629, or ATP deaminase activity ; GO:0047692.

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adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway [GO_0007188]

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase activity. For steps upstream of adenylate cyclase activity, consider instead annotating to ‘regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0010578.

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adipokinetic hormone binding [GO_0097004]

Binding to an adipokinetic hormone. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

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adipokinetic hormone receptor activity [GO_0097003]

Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

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adipokinetic hormone receptor binding [GO_0097005]

Binding to an adipokinetic hormone receptor. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

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adiponectin binding [GO_0055100]

Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.

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ADP transport [GO_0015866]

The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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aging [GO_0007568]

A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).

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alkaloid biosynthetic process [GO_0009821]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

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alkaloid catabolic process [GO_0009822]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

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alkaloid metabolic process [GO_0009820]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

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alkanesulfonate transport [GO_0042918]

The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

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alpha-actinin binding [GO_0051393]

Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.

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amide transport [GO_0042886]

The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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amine biosynthetic process [GO_0009309]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

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amine catabolic process [GO_0009310]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

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amine metabolic process [GO_0009308]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

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amine transport [GO_0015837]

The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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amino acid transport [GO_0006865]

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity [GO_0004812]

Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP. Note that the bond resulting from this reaction is a carboxylic acid ester bond, linking the alpha carboxyl group of the amino acid to either the 2' or 3' hydroxyl of the 3'- terminal adenyl residue of the tRNA.

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aminoglycan biosynthetic process [GO_0006023]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

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aminoglycan catabolic process [GO_0006026]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

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ammonium transport [GO_0015696]

The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.

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AMP transport [GO_0080121]

The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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anatomical structure development [GO_0048856]

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

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anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis [GO_0048646]

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.

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anatomical structure homeostasis [GO_0060249]

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

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androgen secretion [GO_0035935]

The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.

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angioblast cell differentiation [GO_0035779]

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).

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animal organ development [GO_0048513]

Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

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animal organ formation [GO_0048645]

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.

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animal organ maturation [GO_0048799]

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

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animal organ morphogenesis [GO_0009887]

Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

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anion transport [GO_0006820]

The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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anterior/posterior pattern specification [GO_0009952]

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

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antigen binding [GO_0003823]

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.

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antioxidant activity [GO_0016209]

Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.

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aorta development [GO_0035904]

The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

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aorta morphogenesis [GO_0035909]

The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

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AP-1 adaptor complex binding [GO_0035650]

Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).

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AP-2 adaptor complex binding [GO_0035612]

Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).

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apoptotic process [GO_0006915]

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

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apoptotic signaling pathway [GO_0097190]

A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

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appendage development [GO_0048736]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

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appendage morphogenesis [GO_0035107]

The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

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artery development [GO_0060840]

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.

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artery morphogenesis [GO_0048844]

The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.

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ascending aorta development [GO_0035905]

The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.

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ascending aorta morphogenesis [GO_0035910]

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.

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ATP citrate synthase activity [GO_0003878]

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.8. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.

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ATP transport [GO_0015867]

The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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ATP-dependent activity [GO_0140657]

A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use ‘ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887’.

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ATP-dependent H2AZ histone chaperone activity [GO_0140849]

A histone chaperone that mediates the exchange of histone H2A-H2B dimer and histone H2AZ-H2B dimers in a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Some chaperones insert H2AZ-H2B dimers dimers and remove H2A-H2B, while others do the opposite. Drosophila H2AV corresponds to histone H2AZ.

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atrioventricular node development [GO_0003162]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.

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autonomic nervous system development [GO_0048483]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.

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AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication [GO_0086067]

The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

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axial mesoderm development [GO_0048318]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.

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axon [GO_0030424]

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

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axon development [GO_0061564]

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).

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axon guidance [GO_0007411]

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

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axonemal microtubule depolymerization [GO_0060404]

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.

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axoneme [GO_0005930]

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.

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axoneme assembly [GO_0035082]

The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.

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axonogenesis [GO_0007409]

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Note that ‘axonogenesis’ differs from ‘axon development’ in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon).

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basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding [GO_0001099]

Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.

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basal transcription machinery binding [GO_0001098]

Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.

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basement membrane [GO_0005604]

A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane ; GO:0016020’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.

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basement membrane assembly [GO_0070831]

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane assembly ; GO:0071709’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.

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basement membrane disassembly [GO_0034769]

The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.

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basement membrane organization [GO_0071711]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane organization ; GO:0061024’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.

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behavior [GO_0007610]

The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).

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behavioral response to pain [GO_0048266]

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.

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beta-galactosidase activity [GO_0004565]

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. Note that the inclusion of ‘MetaCyc:BGALACT-PWY’ is exceptional: normally MetaCyc pathway entries are database references for biological process terms, not molecular function terms. An exception was made in this case because the MetaCyc entry ‘BGALACT-PWY’ describes only one reaction, that catalyzed by beta-galactosidase.

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bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity [GO_0015127]

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.

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binding [GO_0005488]

The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct, manual gene product annotation. Please choose a more specific child term, or request a new one if no suitable term is available. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term ‘receptor binding ; GO:0005102’ and its children.

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biological phase [GO_0044848]

A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle. Note that phases are is_a disjoint from other biological processes. happens_during relationships can operate between phases and other biological processes e.g. DNA replication happens_during S phase.

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biological_process [GO_0008150]

A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ‘no data’ (ND), is used to indicate this.

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biosynthetic process [GO_0009058]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.

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blastocyst development [GO_0001824]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23’, ‘TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24’ and ‘TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28’.

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blastocyst formation [GO_0001825]

The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term ‘TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9’.

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blastocyst growth [GO_0001832]

An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17’, ‘TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27’ and ‘TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36’.

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bleb [GO_0032059]

A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

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bleb assembly [GO_0032060]

The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

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BMP signaling pathway [GO_0030509]

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

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bone cell development [GO_0098751]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific cell development term or if not possible, bone or bone tissue development.

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bone development [GO_0060348]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.

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bounding membrane of organelle [GO_0098588]

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes.

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brain development [GO_0007420]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

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brain morphogenesis [GO_0048854]

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

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branched-chain amino acid transport [GO_0015803]

The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.

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bronchiole development [GO_0060435]

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.

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bronchus cartilage development [GO_0060532]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

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bronchus development [GO_0060433]

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.

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C4-dicarboxylate transport [GO_0015740]

The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.

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Ca2+ influx into the post-synaptic cell [GO_0005231]

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.

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CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity [GO_0004662]

Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of a thioether linkage between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl group and a cysteine residue fourth from the C-terminus of the protein. The protein substrates have the C-terminal sequence CA1A2X, where the terminal residue, X, is preferably leucine and A2 should not be aromatic. Known substrates include most g-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and Ras-related GTPases such as members of the Ras and Rac/Rho families.

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cadmium ion transmembrane transport [GO_0070574]

A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.

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calcitonin binding [GO_0032841]

Binding to calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.

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calcitonin receptor activity [GO_0004948]

Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

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calcium ion transmembrane transport [GO_0070588]

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.

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camera-type eye development [GO_0043010]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

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camera-type eye morphogenesis [GO_0048593]

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

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CaMKK phosphorylates CAMK4 [GO_0004683]

Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.

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cAMP-mediated signaling [GO_0019933]

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

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carbohydrate binding [GO_0030246]

Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.

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carbohydrate metabolic process [GO_0005975]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.

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carbohydrate transport [GO_0008643]

The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

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carbon-nitrogen lyase activity [GO_0016840]

Catalysis of the release of ammonia or one of its derivatives, with the formation of a double bond or ring. Enzymes with this activity may catalyze the actual elimination of the ammonia, amine or amide, e.g. CH-CH(-NH-R) = C=CH- + NH2-R. Others, however, catalyze elimination of another component, e.g. water, which is followed by spontaneous reactions that lead to breakage of the C-N bond, e.g. L-serine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.17), so that the overall reaction is C(-OH)-CH(-NH2) = CH2-CO- + NH3, i.e. an elimination with rearrangement. The sub-subclasses of EC:4.3 are the ammonia-lyases (EC:4.3.1), lyases acting on amides, amidines, etc. (EC:4.3.2), the amine-lyases (EC:4.3.3), and other carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC:4.3.99).

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carboxylic acid transport [GO_0046942]

The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

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CARD domain binding [GO_0050700]

Binding to a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family.

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cardiac atrium development [GO_0003230]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

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cardiac cell development [GO_0055006]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.

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cardiac conduction [GO_0061337]

Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.

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cardiac conduction system development [GO_0003161]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.

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cardiac fibroblast cell development [GO_0060936]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

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cardiac fibroblast cell differentiation [GO_0060935]

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

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cardiac muscle adaptation [GO_0014887]

The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

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cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process [GO_0010659]

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

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cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation [GO_0110021]

The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.

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cardiac myofibril assembly [GO_0055003]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

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cardiac pacemaker cell development [GO_0060926]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

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cardiac skeleton development [GO_0003204]

The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.

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cardiac ventricle development [GO_0003231]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

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cardioblast differentiation [GO_0010002]

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

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cargo adaptor activity [GO_0140312]

Binding directly to the structural scaffolding elements of a vesicle coat (such as clathrin or COPII), and bridging the membrane, cargo receptor, and membrane deformation machinery.

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cartilage development [GO_0051216]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

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catabolic process [GO_0009056]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.

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catalytic activity [GO_0003824]

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.

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catechol oxidase activity [GO_0004097]

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-dopa + O2 = 2 H2O + 2 L-dopaquinone. This reaction catalyzes exclusively the oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones. GO:0004097 describes oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones. For monooxygenation of monophenols, consider instead the term ‘monophenol monooxygenase activity ; GO:0004503’.

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catecholamine biosynthetic process [GO_0042423]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

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catecholamine catabolic process [GO_0042424]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

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catecholamine secretion [GO_0050432]

The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

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catecholamine transport [GO_0051937]

The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

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cation transport [GO_0006812]

The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

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CD320 transports extracellular TCII:Cbl to endosome [GO_0038024]

Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles. Notes: (1) this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that bind to and internalize molecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis. For receptors that are coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term ‘signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023’ and its children. (2) Cargo receptors transport substances by vesicular transport, not by transmembrane transport. For transmembrane transporters, consider instead the term ‘transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857.

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CDK12 phosphorylates RNA Pol II CTD at DNA repair genes [GO_0004693]

Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. This reaction requires the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK).

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CDP-choline pathway [GO_0006657]

The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.

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cell adhesion receptor activity [GO_0004895]

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell and to initiate intracellular signaling. Cell adhesion receptors include integrins and cadherins. Reinstated term from obsolete.

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cell body [GO_0044297]

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. Note that ‘cell body’ and ‘cell soma’ are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.

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cell chemotaxis [GO_0060326]

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

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cell communication [GO_0007154]

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

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cell communication involved in cardiac conduction [GO_0086065]

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

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cell cortex [GO_0005938]

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

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cell cycle [GO_0007049]

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.

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cell cycle phase [GO_0022403]

One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).

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cell death [GO_0008219]

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of ‘cell death’ (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 ‘programmed necrotic cell death’ or GO:0006915 ‘apoptotic process’). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a ‘regulation’ term.

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cell development [GO_0048468]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

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cell differentiation [GO_0030154]

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

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cell differentiation in hindbrain [GO_0021533]

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

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cell differentiation in spinal cord [GO_0021515]

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

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cell division [GO_0051301]

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. Note that this term differs from ‘cytokinesis ; GO:0000910’ in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.

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cell fate commitment [GO_0045165]

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. Note that this term was ‘cell fate determination’ but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term ‘cell fate determination; GO:0001709’ was also created.

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cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification [GO_0060581]

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.

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cell growth [GO_0016049]

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.

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cell junction [GO_0030054]

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.

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cell junction maintenance [GO_0034331]

The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

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cell junction organization [GO_0034330]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

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cell migration [GO_0016477]

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

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cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation [GO_0000904]

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history.

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cell population proliferation [GO_0008283]

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. This term was moved out from being a child of ‘cellular process’ because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.

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cell projection organization [GO_0030030]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

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cell surface receptor signaling pathway [GO_0007166]

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

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cell-cell fusion [GO_0140253]

A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.

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cell-cell junction organization [GO_0045216]

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.

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cell-cell signaling [GO_0007267]

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

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cell-cell signaling by wnt [GO_0198738]

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another, medaited by a wnt family protein ligand. This process includes wnt signal transduction in the receiving cell, release of wnt ligand from a secreting cell as well as any processes that actively facilitate wnt transport and presentation to receptor on the recieving cell.

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cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction [GO_0086019]

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.

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cellular amine metabolic process [GO_0044106]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

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cellular anatomical entity [GO_0110165]

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.

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cellular biogenic amine catabolic process [GO_0042402]

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

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cellular component biogenesis [GO_0044085]

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.

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cellular detoxification [GO_1990748]

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

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cellular divalent inorganic anion homeostasis [GO_0072501]

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0030319’ (sibling term ‘cellular trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072502').

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cellular divalent inorganic cation homeostasis [GO_0072503]

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0030005’ (sibling term ‘cellular trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis’ ; GO:0072504').

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cellular ketone metabolic process [GO_0042180]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

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cellular localization [GO_0051641]

A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.

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cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process [GO_0034645]

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.

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cellular macromolecule localization [GO_0070727]

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.

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cellular macromolecule metabolic process [GO_0044260]

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.

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cellular process [GO_0009987]

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

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cellular protein localization [GO_0034613]

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.

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cellular protein modification process [GO_0006464]

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).

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cellular respiration [GO_0045333]

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).

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cellular response to abiotic stimulus [GO_0071214]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to alkaloid [GO_0071312]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.

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cellular response to antibiotic [GO_0071236]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

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cellular response to biotic stimulus [GO_0071216]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to blue light [GO_0071483]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.

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cellular response to caffeine [GO_0071313]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

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cellular response to catecholamine stimulus [GO_0071870]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.

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cellular response to chemical stimulus [GO_0070887]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to DNA damage stimulus [GO_0006974]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.

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cellular response to endogenous stimulus [GO_0071495]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to insulin stimulus [GO_0032869]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

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cellular response to light stimulus [GO_0071482]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.

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cellular response to lipopolysaccharide [GO_0071222]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

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cellular response to monoamine stimulus [GO_0071868]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

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cellular response to organonitrogen compound [GO_0071417]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

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cellular response to oxidative stress [GO_0034599]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

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cellular response to oxygen radical [GO_0071450]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.

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cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus [GO_0071375]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

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cellular response to radiation [GO_0071478]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. Note that ‘radiation’ refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.

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cellular response to reactive oxygen species [GO_0034614]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

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cellular response to stimulus [GO_0051716]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to stress [GO_0033554]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.

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cellular response to superoxide [GO_0071451]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

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cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus [GO_0071466]

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

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cellular trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis [GO_0072502]

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0030319’ (sibling term ‘cellular divalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072501').

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cellular_component [GO_0005575]

A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ‘no data’ (ND), is used to indicate this. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.

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central nervous system development [GO_0007417]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

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central nervous system formation [GO_0021556]

The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

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central nervous system maturation [GO_0021626]

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

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central nervous system morphogenesis [GO_0021551]

The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

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central nervous system vasculogenesis [GO_0022009]

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.

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ceramide transfer activity [GO_0120017]

Removes a ceramide from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

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ceramide transport [GO_0035627]

The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

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channel activator activity [GO_0099103]

Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

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chemical synaptic transmission [GO_0007268]

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

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chemokine activity [GO_0008009]

The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

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chemotaxis [GO_0006935]

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

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cholangiocyte proliferation [GO_1990705]

The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.

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choline transport [GO_0015871]

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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chondroblast differentiation [GO_0060591]

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.

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chondrocyte development [GO_0002063]

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

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chondrocyte morphogenesis [GO_0090171]

The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte.

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chorion development [GO_0060717]

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.

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chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation [GO_0060718]

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.

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chromatin [GO_0000785]

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.

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chromatin assembly [GO_0031497]

The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.

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chromatin remodeling [GO_0006338]

A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.

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