Gene Ontology (GO)
The Gene Ontology (GO) provides a framework and set of concepts for describing the functions of gene products from all organisms.
The Gene Ontology (GO) provides a framework and set of concepts for describing the functions of gene products from all organisms.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Limit dextrin is the highly branched core that remains after exhaustive treatment of glycogen with glycogen phosphorylase. It is formed because these enzymes cannot hydrolyze the (1->6) glycosidic linkages present.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenosine = ADP + AMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine. Note that this activity includes EC:2.8.2.12 (deleted from EC).
Catalysis of the reaction: [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphate + H2O = [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA.
Binds to and increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity. See also the molecular function term ‘1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity ; GO:0016303’.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate = ADP + bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configurations of the diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) and bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) are unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.
Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.
Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ = a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.
Binding to a 2 iron, 2 sulfur (2Fe-2S) cluster; this cluster consists of two iron atoms, with two inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.
Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2].
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA = 2-methylpentadecanal + formyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: A 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA = formyl-CoA + a propanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. This enzyme, which has been found in all species and tissues examined, catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. The reactions, which can occur spontaneously, are accelerated to minimize the cellular damage that could be caused by these reactive intermediates (from EC:3.5.99.10).
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2’-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2’-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2’-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2’-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2’-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2’-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5’-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate + H2O + O2 = pyridoxal 5’-phosphate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4’-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4’-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.
Binding to a 3 iron, 4 sulfur (3Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of three iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. It is essentially a 4Fe-4S cluster with one iron missing.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H+ + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol + AH2 + O2 = A + a 3-demethylubiquinol + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: alkene-CoA + H2O = alcohol-CoA. Substrates are crotonoyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and 2,3-didehydro-pimeloyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA).
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].
Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 3’ to 5’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ end.
Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 3’ to 5’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(3’-5’)A-P(2’-5’) (cyclic 3’,2’ GAMP).
Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H+. Note that zymosterol is cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 5 H+ + 3 O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 4 H2O. Note that zymosterol is cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin = (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin + H2O.
Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + ATP + glycine = N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5’-end (N7-methyl 5’-triphosphoguanosine)-ribonucleoside in mRNA + H2O = a 5’-end phospho-ribonucleoside in mRNA + N7-methyl-GDP + H+.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3’-end.
Catalysis of the reaction:a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside 5’-monophosphate + H20=a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5’-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde or a ketone + NADPH + H+.
Binding to a 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.
Binding to an unprocessed 5S ribosomal RNA transcript.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine = NADPH + H+ + 6,7-dihydropteridine. Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.99.7.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + a 7-beta-hydroxysteroid = NADPH + H+ + a 7-oxosteroid.
Binding to a 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP).
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(Side 1) <=> ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(Side 2). A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + polyamine(out) = ADP + phosphate + polyamine(in).
Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + heme(in) = ADP + phosphate + heme(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H+. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.5.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.7.
Binding to acetyl-CoA, an acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.
Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require acetylation of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of acetylation. It may be that the acetylation causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of acetylation-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. For nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that act as ion channels, instead use ‘acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity ; GO:0022848’.
Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an acetylcholine receptor.
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.
Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + H+ + pyruvate.
Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a neuronal, voltage-insensitive channel that opens when an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex.
Catalysis of the joining of an acid and a thiol via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.
The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.
The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.
The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H+.
Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. This function is involved in the process of methionine salvage.
Binding to the attachment site of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP).
Binding to a protease or a peptidase.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.
Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.
An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.
Binding to monomeric actin, also known as G-actin.
A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.
Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3’,5’-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. This term should be used when the annotation refers to a process that occurs in a context of apoptotic cell death. To annotate gene products involved in activation of cysteine-type endopeptidases in other cellular process (e.g., cell cycle arrest) that do not necessarily develop into an apoptotic process, please use the more general parent term GO:0097202. Examples of ‘activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process’ are cytochrome c and Apaf1. When cytochrome c is released from mitochondria and forms a complex with Apaf1, they form a scaffolding platform in which the pro-caspase 9 is bound (the ‘apoptosome’). The caspase is then cleaved and activated. Cytochrome c and Apaf1 are therefore involved in the conversion of the zymogen procaspase 9 to the active form of the caspase.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute’s concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the presence of calcium.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute’s concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
Binding to activin, a dimer of inhibin-beta subunits.
Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand activin. For binding to other extracellular ligands, consider annotating to terms under ’transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.
Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyses the phosphorylation of a type I activin receptor.
Binding to an activin receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. Note that this term is a child of ‘actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036’ because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins.
Binding to an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.
The process in which acyl carnitine is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
Binding to an acyl-CoA, a thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = desaturated-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acylglycerol = ADP + acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl phosphate + H2O = a carboxylate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor), with the acyl group being converted into alkyl on transfer.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Any metalloendopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H+ + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate. Note that this is the first step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The second step is ‘geranyltranstransferase activity ; GO:0004337’. Consider also annotating to the biological process term ‘farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337’.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.
Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5’-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP. Consider instead annotating to one of the more specific terms: AMP deaminase activity ; GO:0003876, ADP deaminase activity ; GO:0047629, or ATP deaminase activity ; GO:0047692.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H+ = S-adenosylmethioninamine + CO2.
Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Binds to and increases the activity of adenylate cyclase.
Binding to an adenylate cyclase.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.
Binds to and decreases the activity adenylate cyclase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of adenylate cyclase.
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase inhibition.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase activity. For steps upstream of adenylate cyclase activity, consider instead annotating to ‘regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0010578.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + GTP + IMP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + 3 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)+ = S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H+.
Binding to an adipokinetic hormone. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Binding to an adipokinetic hormone receptor. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
Binding to ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribose + H2O = AMP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ‘behavior ; GO:0007610’.
Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ‘feeding behavior ; GO:0007631’.
Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ’locomotory behavior ; GO:0007626'.
The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).
Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid = pyruvate + an L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H+ + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA.
Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C(n) aldehyde = C(n-1) alkane + CO.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+).
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose = beta-D-glucose. Also acts on L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose.
Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.
Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Combining with allatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->3)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.
Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate.
Binding to catenin complex alpha subunit.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactohydrolase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-linked alpha-D-glucose residue with release of alpha-D-glucose.
Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.
The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-glucose-6-phosphate = UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose-6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type.
Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the release of amides or amidines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amide or amidine as a substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + L-glutamate + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + L-glutamine + H2O.
Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the release of amines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amine as a substrate.
Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of amino acid within an organism or cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.
The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: an L-amino acid = a D-amino acid.
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP. Note that the bond resulting from this reaction is a carboxylic acid ester bond, linking the alpha carboxyl group of the amino acid to either the 2’ or 3’ hydroxyl of the 3’- terminal adenyl residue of the tRNA.
Any process which detects an amino-acid acetylated tRNA is charged with the correct amino acid, or removes incorrect amino acids from a charged tRNA. This process can be performed by tRNA synthases, or by subsequent reactions after tRNA aminoacylation.
Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the release of ammonia by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with ammonia as a substrate.
The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.
Binding to ammonium ions (NH4+).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H2O = IMP + NH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-tetrahydrofolate + S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NH3 + dihydrolipoylprotein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Binding to an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.
The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.
The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.
Enables the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell.
The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent anion(out) + Na+(out) = monovalent anion(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded polynucleotide molecule.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).
Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).
The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Binding to an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube.
A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + ATP = N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine + ADP + 2 H+.
Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-arginine + tRNA(Arg) = AMP + diphosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-arginyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.
The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-amino acid + H+ = R-H + CO2.
Binding to an Arp2/3 complex, a protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.
Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an arylamine = CoA + an N-acetylarylamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.
The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA to asioloorosomucoid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any aspartic-type endopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3.
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.
Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 to substrate molecules; phosphatidylethanolamine is a known substrate.
A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves APG8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.8. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use ‘ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887’.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.
An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.
A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, and initiates a signalling response, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
A histone chaperone that mediates the exchange of histone H2A-H2B dimer and histone H2AZ-H2B dimers in a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Some chaperones insert H2AZ-H2B dimers dimers and remove H2A-H2B, while others do the opposite. Drosophila H2AV corresponds to histone H2AZ.
Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ATP = ADP + 3 H+ + NADH + phosphate.
Binding to a protein or protein complex using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(out).
Binds to and increases the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Enables the transfer of ions from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ion(in) = ADP + phosphate + ion(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.
Any ATPase coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + inorganic anion(out) = ADP + phosphate + inorganic anion(in).
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon.
The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.
The regulated release of dopamine from an axon.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Note that ‘axonogenesis’ differs from ‘axon development’ in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon).
The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.
Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.
Posterior movement of an organism, e.g. following the direction of the tail of an animal.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.
A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).
Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.
Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.
A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane ; GO:0016020’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane assembly ; GO:0071709’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane.
The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane organization ; GO:0061024’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O2 = carnitine + CO2 + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to phosphatidylinositol or one of its phosphorylated derivatives at the 3’ position of the inositol ring.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl dopamine + H2O = dopamine + beta-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.
Binding to a catenin beta subunit.
Binding to a beta-catenin destruction complex.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. Note that the inclusion of ‘MetaCyc:BGALACT-PWY’ is exceptional: normally MetaCyc pathway entries are database references for biological process terms, not molecular function terms. An exception was made in this case because the MetaCyc entry ‘BGALACT-PWY’ describes only one reaction, that catalyzed by beta-galactosidase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.
Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3.
Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the digestion of double-stranded RNAs into 20 to 30-nucleotide products. These products typically associate to the RNA-induced silencing complex and serve as guide RNAs for posttranslational RNA interference.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.
Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.
The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.