Tag: Auditory_system

adult dopaminergic anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuron AVLP_pr04 [FBbt_00052094]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male pulse, rather than sine, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it does not cross the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is dopaminergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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adult fruitless aSP-k (female) neuron [FBbt_00110469]

Adult fruitless neuron of the female with its cell body lateral to the lateral horn, dendritic arborization in the lateral horn and axonal projections to the lateral protocerebral complex (Yu et al., 2010. It receives input in the wedge and outputs onto and inhibits the female doublesex pMN2 (vpoDN) neuron (Wang et al., 2021. Most of its synaptic terminals are in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Yu et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2022. A projection also extends across the midline (Yu et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2022. It preferentially responds to male sine song, rather than pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. There are approximately 20 of these cells per hemisphere (Cachero et al., 2010. (Yu et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2021, Baker et al., 2022, Cachero et al., 2010, Kimura et al., 2008, Ito et al., 2013)

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adult non-dopaminergic anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuron AVLP_pr04 [FBbt_00052093]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male pulse, rather than sine, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it does not cross the midline (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AMMC-A1 [FBbt_00110183]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located dorsally and posterior to the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP). The primary neurite projects anteriorly towards the great commissure, where it forms several branches which form postsynaptic terminals in the ipsilateral antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) zones A and B, the wedge, the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP), the glomerulus of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum where LC4 neurons arborize (PVLP) region as well as the nonglomerular region. It crosses the midline forming a very thick commissure which runs along the great commissure (superior AMMC commissure) to form presynaptic terminals in the contralateral gorget and nonglomerular region of the PVLP. It is electrically synapsed to the giant fiber neuron. (Murthy, 2010, Clemens et al., 2015, Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Matsuo et al., 2016, Allen et al., 2007, Phelan et al., 1996)

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AMMC-A2 [FBbt_00110124]

Auditory projection neuron whose cell body is located on the ventrolateral side of the antennal lobe (Matsuo et al., 2016. Its cell body fiber extends medioventrally, bifurcating close to the midline and sending branches bilaterally into the inferior AMMC commissure (Lai et al., 2012; Matsuo et al., 2016. It has dendrites in AMMC zones A and B in both hemispheres and axonal terminals in the ipsilateral wedge (Lai et al., 2012; Matsuo et al., 2016. These neurons are broadly tuned to respond to 100 Hz, 300 Hz, 700 Hz or pulse song stimuli (Lai et al., 2012, with a greater response to pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. There are one or more of these cells per hemisphere (Matsuo et al., 2016 and they are cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022, Matsuo et al., 2016, Lai et al., 2012)

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AMMC-B1 [FBbt_00110120]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located at the lateral side of the posterior antennal lobe (Matsuo et al., 2016. The primary neurite projects medially and makes a steep turn ventrally to form two branches at the dorsal side of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) (Matsuo et al., 2016. The ventrolateral branch forms postsynaptic terminals in the AMMC zone B (Matsuo et al., 2016. The dorsal branch bifurcates in the ipsilateral epaulette, projecting above the esophagus, to form presynaptic terminals both the ipsilateral and the contralateral wedge (Matsuo et al., 2016. These neurons are activated by an acoustic stimuli and two subtypes can be recognized, AMMC-B1a and AMMC-B1b, which differ with respect to JO neuron connectivity and auditory response. The former responds to 100 Hz stimuli and the latter responds to 100 and 300 Hz stimuli (Lai et al., 2012. They preferentially respond to male pulse, rather than sine, song (Baker et al., 2022. There are around 10 of these neurons per hemisphere and they receive substantial synaptic input from zone B Johnston organ neurons (Kim et al., 2020. It is part of the olfactory lPN (ALl1) lineage (Vaughan et al., 2014. (Zhou et al., 2015, Matsuo et al., 2016, Kim et al., 2020, Baker et al., 2022, Lai et al., 2012)

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AMMC-B1a [FBbt_00110121]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located dorsally to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) and innervates the AMMC zone B and both the ipsilateral and the contralateral inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum (IVLP) regions. These neurons receive input in the AMMC zone B and establish presynaptic connections in the lateral region of the IVLP. These neurons are activated by an acoustic stimuli and are narrowly tuned to respond to 100 Hz stimuli (Lai et al., 2012. (Vaughan et al., 2014, Lai et al., 2012)

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AMMC-B1b [FBbt_00110122]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located dorsally to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) and innervates the AMMC zone B and both the ipsilateral and the contralateral inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum (IVLP) regions. These neurons receive input in the AMMC zone B from Johnston’s organ neurons and establish presynaptic connections in the lateral region of the IVLP. These neurons are activated by an acoustic stimuli and are broadly tuned to respond to 100 Hz, 300 Hz or pulse song stimuli (Lai et al., 2012. (Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Lai et al., 2012, Vaughan et al., 2014)

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AMMC-B2 [FBbt_00110665]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) bilateral local neuron that connects AMMC zone B of both hemispheres (Kamikouchi et al., 2009; Matsuo et al., 2016. Its cell body is located at the lateral surface of the AMMC (Matsuo et al., 2016. It has predominantly dendritic arborization in the ipsilateral zone B and zone E and predominantly presynaptic terminals in the contralateral zone B. It then crosses the midline fasciculating with the inferior AMMC commissure and extends into the medial side of AMMC zone B, forming presynaptic terminals. There are approximately two of these cells per hemisphere and they are GABAergic (Tootoonian et al., 2012. It responds to both male sine and pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. (Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Tootoonian et al., 2012, Matsuo et al., 2016, Baker et al., 2022)

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AMMC-VLP2 [FBbt_00111356]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located lateral to the gnathal ganglion (Clemens et al., 2015. It innervates the ipsilateral antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC), anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP), wedge (inferior VLP) and gnathal ganglion (GNG) (Clemens et al., 2015; Baker et al., 2022. A few neurites of some of these cell may cross the midline in the GNG (Clemens et al., 2015. It responds to both male sine and pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Clemens et al., 2015, Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP_pr11 [FBbt_00052095]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that responds similarly to male sine and pulse courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, it also innervates the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and inferior clamp (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP_pr12 [FBbt_00052096]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male pulse, rather than sine, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, it also innervates the inferior clamp and superior intermediate protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP_pr18 [FBbt_00053437]

Adult projection neuron of the AVLP_pr18 group, which innervates the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior lateral protocerebrum, superior clamp, inferior clamp, gorget, superior lateral protocerebrum and fan-shaped body (Baker et al., 2022. It responds to male pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. It has an axon that crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP_pr22 [FBbt_00052097]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male sine, rather than pulse, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. There is also a branch extending to a more medial and ventral part of the brain (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP_pr24 [FBbt_00053441]

Adult projection neuron of the AVLP_pr24 group, which innervates the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, posterior lateral protocerebrum, superior clamp, inferior clamp, gorget, superior intermediate protocerebrum, fan-shaped body and epaulette (Baker et al., 2022. It responds to male pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. It has an axon that crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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AVLP-PN1 [FBbt_00049443]

Adult lateral horn input neuron that has its dendrites predominantly within the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Dolan et al., 2019; Baker et al., 2022. Its projections remain ipsilateral (Baker et al., 2022. It is a secondary neuron that is part of the BLP1 (VPNp&v) posterior hemilineage (Bates et al., 2020. There are ten of these neurons per hemisphere and they are cholinergic and GABAergic (Dolan et al., 2019. It responds to both male sine and pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. (Dolan et al., 2019, Baker et al., 2022, Bates et al., 2020)

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AVLP/PVLP_pr01 [FBbt_00052102]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male pulse, rather than sine, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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DNp01 [FBbt_00004020]

Large adult descending neuron that controls jump escape behavior (Thomas and Wyman, 1984.There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Koto et al., 1981; Namiki et al., 2018; Sturner et al., 2025) and its large cell body is located posterior to the lower protocerebrum (Koto et al., 1981. It can be identified by its large descending axon (Power, 1948, which is several times larger than any other axon in the cervical connective (Koto et al., 1981. It enters the cervical connective via the posterior cerebro-cervical fascicle (Ito et al., 2014 and descends on the ipsilateral side (Koto et al., 1981; Namiki et al., 2018, in the dorsal cervical fasciculus (Power, 1948. In the brain, it has dendritic arborization in the ipsilateral zones A and B of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Kamikouchi et al., 2009; Matsuo et al., 2016, where it receives substantial input from zone A and B Johnston organ neurons (Kim et al., 2020. It also arborizes in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and gorget (Matsuo et al., 2016; Namiki et al., 2018. It enters the VNC near the dorsal midline and extends posteroventrally to the mesothoracic neuromere, where it turns ventrolaterally, and ends abruptly without branching (Koto et al., 1981. In the mesothoracic neuromere, it forms electrical synapses with downstream motor and premotor neurons at the inframedial bridge, where the two giant fiber neurons connect across the midline, and at the axonal lateral bend (King and Wyman, 1980; Allen et al., 1998; Kennedy and Broadie, 2018. It is a primary neuron (Allen et al., 1998; Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024. (Phelan et al., 1996, King and Wyman, 1980, Stürner et al., 2025, Dorkenwald et al., 2024, Namiki et al., 2018, Thomas and Wyman, 1984, Koto et al., 1981, Power, 1948, Ito et al., 2014, Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Kennedy and Broadie, 2018, Allen et al., 1998, Bacon and Strausfeld, 1986, Matsuo et al., 2016, Kim et al., 2020)

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GNG_pr01 [FBbt_00052103]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male sine, rather than pulse, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the gnathal ganglion, it also innervates the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is GABAergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum local IVLP-IVLP neuron [FBbt_00110125]

Neuron whose cell body is located in the ventromedial subesophageal region and innervates the ipsilateral inferior ventrolateral protocerebrum (IVLP) in both hemispheres, with pre- and postsynaptic sites found in this region. These neurons receive input from AMMC-B1b projection neurons in the IVLP. IVLP-IVLP are GABAergic neurons and are activated by an acoustic stimuli of 100 Hz, 300 Hz or pulse song stimuli (Lai et al., 2012. (Lai et al., 2012)

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JO-A [FBbt_00100008]

Johnston organ neuron (JON) that innervates zone A of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are located mainly in the inner layer of the Johnston organ, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006; Ishikawa et al., 2017. These neurons respond to vibrations and are activated when stimulated with courtship pulse song, with greater activation at higher frequency (Kamikouchi et al., 2009. (Ishikawa et al., 2017, Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Kamikouchi et al., 2006, Yorozu et al., 2009)

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JO-AP [FBbt_00049618]

Neuron of the Johnston organ that has presynaptic termini in subregion AP of AMMC zone A only (Ishikawa et al., 2017. These are probably the most numerous of the single region-innervating zone A Johnston organ neurons (Ishikawa et al., 2017. Their cell bodies tend to be scattered around the entire inner layer of the Johnston organ (Ishikawa et al., 2017. It is a type 1 zone A Johnston organ neuron (Kim et al., 2020. (Kim et al., 2020, Ishikawa et al., 2017)

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JO-B [FBbt_00100009]

Johnston organ neuron that innervates zone B of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are distributed as a ring in the middle layer of cells within the Johnston organ (Kamikouchi et al., 2006. These neurons respond to vibrations and are activated when stimulated with courtship pulse song, with greater activation at lower frequency (Kamikouchi et al., 2009. (Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Kamikouchi et al., 2006)

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JO-DA [FBbt_00049969]

Neuron of the Johnston organ that has branches into antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) subregions AA and BI/BO and a projection that extends towards, but does not reach the posterior most subarea of zone D (DP) of AMMC zone D (Hampel et al., 2020. There are at least four of these cells per hemisphere (Hampel et al., 2020. (Hampel et al., 2020)

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Johnston organ [FBbt_00004178]

Compound chordotonal organ of antennal segment 2 involved in hearing (Gopfert and Robert, 2002, direction-sensitive wind detection (Yorozu et al., 2009 and gravitaxis (Kamikouchi et al., 2009). The actin-filament rich basal tips of the Johnston’s organ scolopidia connect to the inner surface of antennal segment 2, and the apical tips connect to the hook of antennal segment 3 (Gopfert and Robert, 2002. Its sensory neurons (Johnston’s organ neurons or JONs) are connected to the Johnston’s organ nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006, and predominantly innervate the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). There are 477 +/- 24 cell bodies, arranged in a bowl shape lying vertically with the ’top’ facing the lateral side, and forming a ring around the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006. JONs connecting to opposing sides of the hook are alternatively stimulated by stretching or compression according to the hook’s oscillatory movement (Gopfert and Robert, 2002. (Todi et al., 2004, Sivan-Loukianova and Eberl, 2005, Zombori and Steinmann, 1999, Kamikouchi et al., 2006, Gopfert and Robert, 2002, Yorozu et al., 2009)

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larval Basin neuron [FBbt_00047194]

Segmentally-repeated interneuron of the larval ventral nerve cord that is mid-late born in the primary NB3-5 lineage (Ohyama et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2022. The four Basin neurons in each hemineuromere are born from consecutive ganglion mother cells, in the order Basin-2, -1, -3, -4 (Wang et al., 2022. Its soma is located in the lateral cell body rind region and its cell body fiber follows an intersegmental nerve root into the neuropil (Ohyama et al., 2015. Its dendrites span a ventrolateral domain of the ventral nerve cord and overlap with the axon terminals of the mechanosensory chordotonal neurons, from which it receives input (Ohyama et al., 2015. (Wang et al., 2022, Jovanic et al., 2016, Ohyama et al., 2015)

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larval Basin-1 neuron [FBbt_00111227]

Larval basin neuron that has dendritic arborization on the dorsal side of the chordotonal neuron domain (Ohyama et al., 2015. It has a relatively ventral axon position, compared to Basins 3 and 4, and its ventral dendrites do not extend as far medially as those of Basins 2 and 4 (Ohyama et al., 2015. It receives little, if any input from multidendritic class IV neurons and has presynaptic sites on its dendritic arbor (Ohyama et al., 2015. (Wang et al., 2022, Jovanic et al., 2016, Ohyama et al., 2015)

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larval Basin-2 neuron [FBbt_00111229]

Larval basin neuron that lacks a ventral branch from its primary neurite, unlike other Basins (Ohyama et al., 2015. It has a relatively ventral axon position, compared to Basins 3 and 4, and its ventral dendrites extend further medially than those of Basins 1 and 3 (Ohyama et al., 2015. It receives substantial input from multidendritic class IV neurons and does not have presynaptic sites on its dendritic arbor (Ohyama et al., 2015. (Ohyama et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2022, Jovanic et al., 2016)

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larval Basin-3 neuron [FBbt_00111228]

Larval basin neuron that has a relatively dorsal axon position, compared to Basins 1 and 2, and ventral dendrites that do not extend as far medially as those of Basins 2 and 4 (Ohyama et al., 2015. It receives little, if any input from multidendritic class IV neurons and does not have presynaptic sites on its dendritic arbor (Ohyama et al., 2015. (Wang et al., 2022, Ohyama et al., 2015, Jovanic et al., 2016)

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larval Basin-4 neuron [FBbt_00111230]

Larval basin neuron with ventral dendrites that extend to, and may cross, the midline (Ohyama et al., 2015. It has a relatively dorsal axon position, compared to Basins 1 and 2 (Ohyama et al., 2015. It receives substantial input from multidendritic class IV neurons and does not have presynaptic sites on its dendritic arbor (Ohyama et al., 2015. It is involved in the larval behavioral response to nociceptive stimuli (Ohyama et al., 2015. (Ohyama et al., 2015, Jovanic et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2022)

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pC1a [FBbt_00049922]

Adult doublesex pC1 neuron of the female that, similar to pC1d and pC1e, has a contralateral projection that extends further laterally than that of pC1b and pC1c and lacks a characteristic branch into the dorsal ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Its contralateral branch crosses the midline at the level of the superior medial protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Unlike pC1d and pC1e, it does not project ventromedially towards the esophageal foramen (Wang et al., 2020. It is strongly synapsed by and activated by sex peptide abdominal ganglion neurons (Wang et al., 2020. (Wang et al., 2020)

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pC1b [FBbt_00049923]

Adult doublesex pC1 neuron of the female that, similar to pC1c, has a relatively short contralateral projection compared to pC1a, pC1d and pC1e and has a characteristic branch into the dorsal ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Its contralateral branch crosses the midline at the level of the superior medial protocerebrum, but unlike pC1c, it does not have a ventrally-directed branch on each side of this crossing point (Wang et al., 2020. (Wang et al., 2020)

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pC1c [FBbt_00049924]

Adult doublesex pC1 neuron of the female that, similar to pC1b, has a relatively short contralateral projection compared to pC1a, pC1d and pC1e and has a characteristic branch into the dorsal ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Its contralateral branch crosses the midline at the level of the superior medial protocerebrum, but unlike pC1b, it has a ventrally-directed branch on each side of this crossing point (Wang et al., 2020. (Wang et al., 2020)

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pC1d [FBbt_00049925]

Adult doublesex pC1 neuron of the female that, similar to pC1a and pC1e, has a contralateral projection that extends further laterally than that of pC1b and pC1c and lacks a characteristic branch into the dorsal ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Its contralateral branch crosses the midline at the level of the superior medial protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Unlike pC1a, it projects ventromedially towards the esophageal foramen, with more extensive and more ventral arborization than pC1e (Wang et al., 2020. There is one of these cells per hemisphere and it is cholinergic (Schretter et al., 2020. It promotes female aggression (Schretter et al., 2020. (Schretter et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020)

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pC1e [FBbt_00049926]

Adult doublesex pC1 neuron of the female that, similar to pC1a and pC1d, has a contralateral projection that extends further laterally than that of pC1b and pC1c and lacks a characteristic branch into the dorsal ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Its contralateral branch crosses the midline at the level of the superior medial protocerebrum (Wang et al., 2020. Unlike pC1a it projects ventromedially towards the esophageal foramen, but has less extensive arborization and does not extend as far ventrally as pC1d (Wang et al., 2020. There is one of these cells per hemisphere and it is cholinergic (Schretter et al., 2020. (Wang et al., 2020, Schretter et al., 2020)

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PVLP_pr03 [FBbt_00052106]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that responds similarly to male sine and pulse courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, it also innervates the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is GABAergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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sound activated Johnston organ neuron [FBbt_00100002]

Johnston organ neuron (JON) that is activated by near-field sound ranging from 4 Hz to 952 Hz, maximally at 90dB (Kamikouchi et al., 2009; Yorozu et al., 2009; Patella and Wilson, 2018. These neurons are transiently (phasically) activated by the onset and offset of arista displacement. Cells preferentially activated by low-frequency vibration are loosely distributed as a ring in the middle layer of JON cell bodies. Higher frequencies preferentially activate JON neurons with cell bodies located mainly in the inner layer, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006, and lateral axons (Patella and Wilson, 2018. (Kamikouchi et al., 2006, Kamikouchi et al., 2009, Yorozu et al., 2009)

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ventrolateral protocerebrum projection neuron 1 [FBbt_00111295]

Projection neuron whose cell body is located in the cell body rind of lateral neuropils. It arborizes in the wedge and projects dorsally to the region surrounding the mushroom body peduncle (superior intermediate protocerebrum and clamp). This neuron is not found in females. It responds to both pulse and sine song at 80dB. (Zhou et al., 2015)

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vpoIN [FBbt_00049948]

Neuron of the adult female that receives input in the wedge and outputs onto and inhibits the female doublesex pMN2 (vpoDN) neuron (Wang et al., 2021. There are around 14 of these per hemisphere (Wang et al., 2021. As a population, they respond to a wide range of types of male pulse song, as well as sine song (Wang et al., 2021. (Wang et al., 2021)

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WED_pr01 [FBbt_00052109]

Auditory system neuron of the adult brain that preferentially responds to male sine, rather than pulse, courtship song (Baker et al., 2022. Its main innervation is in the wedge, it also innervates the posterior lateral protocerebrum and it crosses the midline (Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022)

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WED-VLP [FBbt_00110126]

Neuron whose cell body is located between the optic lobe and the central brain, lateral to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Lai et al., 2012. It has dendritic arborization in the wedge and axonal arborization in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP) (Lai et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2022. These neurons receive input in the wedge from AMMC-B1b neurons among others, and establish postsynaptic contacts in the AVLP. They are broadly tuned to respond to 100 Hz, 300 Hz, 700 Hz or pulse song stimuli (Lai et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2022. It is cholinergic (Baker et al., 2022. (Lai et al., 2012, Baker et al., 2022)

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WEDPN1 [FBbt_00049454]

Adult neuron with its dendrites in the wedge and inferior posterior slope and an axonal projection to the lateral horn only (Dolan et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2020; Baker et al., 2022. It is a secondary neuron that develops from the WEDa2 (BAlp3) neuroblast (Bates et al., 2020. There are approximately six of these neurons per hemisphere and they are GABAergic (Dolan et al., 2019; Baker et al., 2022. It responds to both male sine and pulse song (Baker et al., 2022. (Baker et al., 2022, Dolan et al., 2019, Bates et al., 2020)

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zone A Johnston organ neuron type 1 [FBbt_00049545]

Neuron of the Johnston organ that has presynaptic terminals in zone A of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center and is synapsed to the giant fiber neuron, but no AMMC-B1 neurons (Kim et al., 2020. Their axons in zone A are relatively short and are restricted to regions AA and/or AP (Kim et al., 2020. (Kim et al., 2020)

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zone A Johnston organ neuron type 3 [FBbt_00049547]

Neuron of the Johnston organ that has presynaptic terminals in zone A of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center and is synapsed to at least one AMMC-B1 neuron, but not to the giant fiber neuron (Kim et al., 2020. There are fewer type 3 neurons than type 1 or 2 neurons (Kim et al., 2020. (Kim et al., 2020)

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