Adult medulla-contralateral medulla neuron of the MeVPMe7 group (Nern et al., 2025). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Nern et al., 2025). It receives input in the ipsilateral medulla layer M5, medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer, and the contralateral medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer (Nern et al., 2025). It sends output to the ipsilateral medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer, and the contralateral medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer (Nern et al., 2025). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1118 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 10 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1167 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 4 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1239 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior-lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 18 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1389 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior-lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1629 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 7 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1739 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1776 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 6 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1859 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 2 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1909 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 6 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB1912 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 3 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2047 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 9 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2051 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2089 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior-lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 8 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2096 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 3 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2296 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior-lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 4 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2476 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 8 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2715 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2734 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 4 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2744 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 10 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2823 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 9 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB2830 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 10 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult brain-intrinsic neuron of the CB3160 group, with its soma in the brain, lateral to the lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 dorsal hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral lateral horn and the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the ipsilateral superior lateral protocerebrum and the ipsilateral lateral horn (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 5 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Adult fruitless neuron that develops from neuroblast VPNl&d1 (Ito et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). There are approximately 23 of these cells per hemisphere (Cachero et al., 2010).
Adult lateral horn output neuron of the AV5a1 group that fasciculates with the AV5 primary neurite tract (Frechter et al., 2019; Dolan et al., 2019). It is a secondary neuron that is part of the BLAvm2 (VPNl&d1) dorsal hemilineage (Bates et al., 2020). There are six of these neurons per hemisphere and they are GABAergic (Dolan et al., 2019; Schlegel et al., 2021).
Adult lateral horn output neuron of the AV5a8 group that fasciculates with the AV5 primary neurite tract (Bates et al., 2020). It is a secondary neuron that is part of the BLAvm2 (VPNl&d1) dorsal hemilineage (Bates et al., 2020). There are approximately three of these cells per hemisphere (Schlegel et al., 2021).
Adult lateral horn output neuron of the AV5a9 group that fasciculates with the AV5 primary neurite tract (Bates et al., 2020). It is a secondary neuron that is part of the BLAvm2 (VPNl&d1) dorsal hemilineage (Bates et al., 2020).
Adult visual projection neuron with its soma dorsal to the accessory medulla (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in around 100 columns of the ipsilateral medulla layers M8-M10 and has presynapses in around 50 columns of the contralateral medulla layer M8 (Nern et al., 2025). It also sends output to the inferior posterior slope in both hemispheres (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There are approximately 6 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult visual projection neuron with its soma dorsal to the accessory medulla (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024). It receives input in the ipsilateral medulla, mainly in layer M4, where is spans around 150 columns, but also in M8 and M10 (Nern et al., 2025). It sends output to around 100 columns of contralateral medulla layer M4 (Nern et al., 2025). It also sends output to the inferior posterior slope in both hemispheres (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There are approximately 5 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult visual projection neuron with its soma dorsal to the accessory medulla (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). In the optic lobes, it receives input in around 80 columns of ipsilateral medulla layer M6 and sends output to around 20 columns of contralateral medulla layers M6-M7 (Nern et al., 2025). In the central brain, it sends output to the contralateral superior and inferior posterior slope (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There are approximately 10 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult medulla-contralateral medulla neuron of the MeVPMe8 group (Nern et al., 2025). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Nern et al., 2025). It receives input in the ipsilateral medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer (Nern et al., 2025). It sends output to the ipsilateral medulla layer M6, medulla serpentine layer and inferior posterior slope, and the contralateral medulla serpentine layer and inferior posterior slope (Nern et al., 2025). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There are approximately 2 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult medulla-contralateral medulla neuron of the MeVPMe9 group (Nern et al., 2025). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Nern et al., 2025). It receives input in the ipsilateral medulla layer M6 and medulla serpentine layer, and the contralateral medulla (Nern et al., 2025). It sends output to the contralateral medulla layer M6 (Nern et al., 2025). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024; Nern et al., 2025). There are approximately 6 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Adult visual projection neuron of the MTe10 group, with its soma in the brain, anterior to the accessory medulla (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It belongs to the VPNl&d1 lateral hemilineage (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has postsynapses in the ipsilateral medulla and the contralateral superior posterior slope (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). It has presynapses in the contralateral superior posterior slope, the contralateral inferior posterior slope and the ipsilateral superior posterior slope (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Its predicted neurotransmitter is glutamate (Eckstein et al., 2024). There are approximately 8 of these cells per organism (Schlegel et al., 2024; Dorkenwald et al., 2024).